Counseling Theories and Techniques
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of major counseling theories and techniques used in contemporary practice. Students will examine foundational approaches such as psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and systemic models, as well as emerging evidence-based practices. Emphasis is placed on understanding the theoretical underpinnings, application of interventions, and the development of practical counseling skills. Through lectures, case studies, and experiential activities, students will learn to critically evaluate and apply different counseling techniques in diverse settings, fostering ethical and culturally responsive practice.
Recommended Textbook
Life Span Development 15th Edition by John W
Santrock
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20 Chapters
2956 Verified Questions
2956 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Which theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning?
Answer: B.F.Skinner
Q2) Many individuals become wiser as they age,but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline.This illustrates how throughout life,some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink,or how development is:
A) plastic.
B) contextual.
C) multidisciplinary.
D) multidirectional.
Answer: D
Q3) Dr.Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music.This testable prediction is known as a(n)_____.
A) hypothesis
B) classification
C) variable
D) axiom
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) _____,the units of hereditary information,are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
A) Genes
B) Chromosomes
C) RNA
D) Ribosomes
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true of mitosis?
A) Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs to form the sperm and the egg cells.
B) Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells.
C) Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
D) Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.
Answer: C
Q3) Deshawn believes that development is the result of an ongoing,bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.He has most likely adopted which theoretical perspective?
Answer: Epigenetic view
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) Bronwyn is interested in using non-medical techniques to assist her in dealing with pain during childbirth.Based on the text and class discussion,what are the two best options available to her and why?
Answer: Some new nonmedicated techniques used to reduce stress and pain during childbirth are waterbirth,massage,acupuncture,hypnosis,and music therapy.
Q2) Define a teratogen and illustrate your answer with an example.List at least six teratogens one should avoid during pregnancy.
Answer: A teratogen is any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect,or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes.Teratogens include drugs,incompatible blood types,environmental pollutants,infectious diseases,nutritional deficiencies,maternal stress,and advanced maternal and paternal age.
Q3) The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.
A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) trophoblast
D) mesoderm
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) Which of the following statements is TRUE about an infant's color vision?
A) It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth.
B) Its development is independent of the experience of an infant.
C) Its development,in part,reflects maturation.
D) It usually approximates that of an adult by 4 months of age.
Q2) Baby Jane,three days old,is shown four drawings: a bright blue square,a white oval,a yellow circle,and a drawing of a face.According to Fantz' research,which drawing would she probably prefer to look at?
A) The white oval
B) The face
C) The blue square
D) The yellow circle
Q3) The _____ lobe area in the cerebral cortex plays an important role in registering spatial location and motor control.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal
Q4) List five benefits that a child receives from breast feeding.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby.Meltzoff would say that this baby is:
A) exhibiting a reflex.
B) engaging in true imitation.
C) showing deferred imitation.
D) habituating to the mother's facial expression.
Q2) Child-directed speech is the:
A) ability of parents to understand their children's holographic speech.
B) unique way that parents (and others)talk to babies.
C) continual correcting of children's syntax by parents.
D) special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.
Q3) Consider the sentence: "The boy the ball with a hit bat." Which of the following rule systems of language does the sentence violate?
A) Phonology
B) Syntax
C) Morphology
D) Pragmatics
Q4) What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants' acquisition of language?
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned.In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?
A) In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B) In infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity
C) In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions,such as vision and hearing
D) In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner
Q2) Sakura isn't a particularly active child,and he tends to be wary of new situations and people.Although he doesn't cry,he dislikes dealing with novel situations.According to Thomas & Chess,he would be classified as:
A) an easy child.
B) a difficult child.
C) a slow-to-warm-up child.
D) a slow child.
Q3) Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby.
Q4) Describe the emotional regulation and coping techniques that infants develop over the initial years.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity.She plays with the different toys she chooses,and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director.Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using?
A) Kindergarten
B) Rogerian
C) Montessori
D) Success-oriented
Q2) Over the past week,Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces.Initially,his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process.Now that Walter is better at it,she only guides him verbally.Which of the following is this an example of?
A) How heredity shapes cognitive development
B) Intuitive reasoning
C) Scaffolding
D) Conservation
Q3) What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education?
Q4) List three ways by which Lev Vygotsky's theory can be incorporated in classrooms.
Q5) Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Which theorist suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment?
Q2) Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children.Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?
A) Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.
B) Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C) Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
D) Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.
Q3) What kind of play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports?
Q4) In a recent national survey of U.S.parents with 3- to 4-year-old children,about _____ percent reported that they frequently yelled at their children.
A) 97
B) 7
C) 2
D) 67
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and
Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following is the correct definition of intellectual disability?
A) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1)has a moderately-low IQ,usually above 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2)has slight trouble adjusting to the demands of everyday life; and (3)first displays these characteristics by age 25.
B) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1)has a low IQ,usually above 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2)has little or no trouble adjusting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3)first displays these characteristics by age 5.
C) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1)has a low IQ,usually below 50 on a traditional intelligence test; (2)has a lot difficulty adapting to the demands of a competitive environment; and (3)first exhibits these characteristics by age 25.
D) It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1)has a low IQ,usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2)has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3)first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.
Q2) Identify the theorists who proposed the fuzzy trace theory in understanding the development of memory.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true?
A) Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes.
B) Until about 7 to 8 years of age,gender stereotyping is extensive.
C) Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults.
D) Across the elementary school years,children become more flexible in their gender attitudes.
Q2) Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.
A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths
Q3) Children's sharing comes to reflect a more complex sense of what is just and right during:
A) middle and late infancy.
B) late infancy.
C) middle and late childhood.
D) early adolescence.
Q4) Identify the theorist who criticized most theories of moral development,and argued that they reflect a gender bias.He/she proposed an alternate perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Why is bulimia often more difficult to detect than anorexia?
Q2) In a study,almost 50 percent of high school dropouts cited _____ reasons for leaving school.
A) economic
B) peer-related
C) school-related
D) family-related
Q3) Which of the following ethnic groups had the highest teen birth rate in 2009?
A) Non-Latina White
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) African American
Q4) When Daniel Offer and his colleagues studied the self-images of adolescents in the United States,Australia,Bangladesh,Hungary,Israel,Italy,Japan,Taiwan,Turkey,and West Germany,at least _____ percent of the adolescents displayed a healthy self-image.
A) 25
B) 48
C) 60
D) 73
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the characteristics of a clique is NOT true?
A) They can form because adolescents engage in similar activities.
B) The average number of people in a clique is 8 to 10.
C) Clique members are usually of the same sex.
D) Clique members are usually about the same age.
Q2) At _____ years of age,romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.
A) 12 to 15
B) 11 to 13
C) 14 to 16
D) 17 to 19
Q3) Which status of identity would be most closely linked to an authoritarian style of parenting?
Q4) What term is used to describe an adolescent group structure,usually formed based on reputation,where members may or may not spend time together?
Q5) What determines an individual's identity status according to James Marcia?
Q6) What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity?
Q7) Explain the concept of psychosocial moratorium.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) More than 1,000 colleges in the United States offer cooperative (co-op)programs,which are:
A) service jobs on campus.
B) paid apprenticeships in a field that students are interested in pursuing.
C) community service programs.
D) internships with local companies.
Q2) Based on interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds,what were William Damon's findings about adolescents' and young adults' sense of purpose?
Q3) Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress,so does the transition from high school to college.The two transitions have many parallels.Which of the following is one of them?
A) Movement to a more personal school structure
B) Increased parental monitoring
C) The top-dog phenomenon
D) Decreased interaction with peers
Q4) Identify the disorder that involves long-term,repeated,uncontrolled,compulsive,and excessive use of alcoholic beverages that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which theorist has been studying married couples' lives since the 1970s and has found that seven main principles determine whether a marriage will work?
Q2) "Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie."I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation,we can expect that Julie:
A) thinks that Amelia is also a geek.
B) is an intellectual and charitable person.
C) believes that Amelia is not influenced by her friend's opinions. D) is providing consensual validation for Amelia's taste in men.
Q3) Rose's ex-boyfriend,Peter,describes her as clingy and dependent.During their relationship,she always told that she was loved and wanted to rush into marriage.She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues.Rose seems to have a(n)_____ attachment style.
A) secure
B) anxious
C) conflicted
D) avoidant
Q4) What is temperament? What is its connection to personality?
Q5) Briefly describe the three major types of love?
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is a sign of aging for the average adult in middle adulthood?
A) Increase in height
B) Decrease in weight
C) Brittle fingernails
D) Loss of memory
Q2) Sensitivity to _____ sounds usually declines first among _____.
A) high-pitched; women
B) high-pitched; men
C) low-pitched; women
D) low-pitched; men
Q3) _____ was the main cause of death in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century.
A) Infectious disease
B) Accident
C) Chronic disease
D) Homicide
Q4) Identify the theorist who initiated the Seattle Longitudinal Study that involves extensive evaluations of intellectual abilities in the adult years.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development?
A) They do not adequately address universals of adult personality development.
B) They do not adequately address individual variations in adult development.
C) They place far too much importance on cultural variations in adult development.
D) They place too much importance on individual variations in adult development.
Q2) Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Valliant's view on midlife?
A) Unlike Valliant,according to Levinson,only males experience midlife crisis.
B) Unlike Levinson,Valliant maintains that only a minority of adults experience midlife as a crisis.
C) Levinson maintains that the transition period to midlife is six years,while Valliant holds it to be eight years.
D) Unlike Levinson,Valliant's study was mainly focused on white,middle-aged,male population within the upper SES of society.
Q3) Describe the empty nest syndrome.
Q4) According to Erik Erikson,identify the term that refers to an adult's desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
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Chapter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Identify and discuss the three major eye diseases that can impact the vision of older adults?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a biological theory explaining aging?
A) Cellular clock theory
B) Free-radical theory
C) Mitochondrial theory
D) Reverse neurogenesis theory
Q3) Exercise can reduce the risk of all of the following conditions EXCEPT: A) type 1 diabetes.
B) stroke.
C) osteoporosis.
D) breast cancer.
Q4) Which microbiological theory of aging suggests that human cells are subject to a fixed limit on the number of times they can divide and that this decreased ability to divide places an upper boundary on the human life-span potential?
Q5) What are people who are 85 years and older called?
Q6) Discuss the hormonal stress theory of aging.
Q7) What is the chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue often causing older adults to walk with a marked stoop?
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Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Michael's mother always forgets to take her heart medication.So,every night Michael calls her after dinner to remind her about her medicines.This demonstrates that Michael's mother is experiencing a decline in _____ memory.
A) source
B) episodic
C) prospective
D) implicit
Q2) According to a recent study by De Meyer and others,every one of the older adults with mild cognitive impairment who had _____ in their spinal fluid developed Alzheimer disease within five years.
A) the amyloid beta
B) acetylcholine
C) the apolipoprotein
D) oxytocin
Q3) What is Denise Park and Patricia Reuter-Lorenz's view on the aging brain and cognition?
Q4) Contrast cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics,and give examples of each.
Q5) What is the term for a focused and extended engagement with an object,task,event,or some other aspect of the environment?
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Chapter 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is referred to as the final stage in the marriage process?
A) The time between marriage and impending divorce
B) The time when the last child leaves home
C) The time from retirement until death
D) The time when older parents move into their children's homes
Q2) When working with older clients,some clinicians use _____ therapy.Rita is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.
A) gestalt
B) reminiscence
C) schema
D) drama
Q3) Which of the following theories challenges the notion that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?
A) Socioemotional selectivity theory
B) Activity theory
C) Disengagement theory
D) Social breakdown theory
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21
Chapter 20: Death,Dying,and Grieving
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Q1) In the United States today,_____ percent of all deaths occur in nursing homes.
A) 20
B) 50
C) 80
D) 95
Q2) Four-year-old Rebecca's grandfather died a few weeks ago.Rebecca has been asking her mother why Grandpa has not been over to visit them.Which of the following approaches should her mother follow while answering Rebecca's questions?
A) Reassure Rebecca that Grandpa will visit Rebecca every night in Rebecca's dreams.
B) Try to divert Rebecca's attention and avoid questions related to death.
C) Explain that Grandpa has gone on a very long trip and will not be coming over anymore.
D) Explain as simply as possible that Grandpa died,and answer any questions Rebecca has about his death.
Q3) In Jewish tradition,what is the term for the time between death and burial?
Q4) How does denial impact individuals' adaptation to approaching death?
Q5) What is an advance directive?
Q6) Describe Kübler-Ross' first stage of dying.
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