Counseling Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Counseling Psychology is an academic and professional discipline focused on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. This course explores theories, research, and practical skills related to the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological and emotional issues. Students will examine key counseling modalities, multicultural considerations, ethical principles, and evidence-based interventions designed to help individuals cope with life challenges, improve mental health, and achieve personal growth. Emphasis is placed on developing foundational counseling skills, understanding the therapeutic relationship, and practicing self-reflection to foster effective and empathetic professional practice.
Recommended Textbook
Group Dynamics 7th Edition by Donelson
R. Forsyth
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Group Dynamics
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Q1) Psychology and sociology have a monopoly on the study of groups since they were the first branches of science to identify and classify group dynamics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following items is NOT a key element in the definition of a group?
A)two or more members
B)members share some characteristic,such as eye color or date of birth
C)interpersonal connections among members
D)some type of bond that links the members to the group itself
Answer: B
Q3) A network is a type of ___ group.
A)primary
B)social
C)open
D)closed
E)decisional
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Studying Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Whyte's study of "corner gangs"
A)experimentally manipulated norms.
B)used structured observations.
C)made use of participant observation.
D)was a self-report study.
Answer: C
Q2) Jill thinks that mixed-sex groups (ones with both males and females)make better decisions than same-sex groups.Therefore,she creates ten mixed-sex groups and ten same-sex groups,and asks them to answer a series of math problems.In this study,the independent variable is
A)the composition of the group (same-sex or mixed-sex).
B)the quality of the group's decision.
C)the size of the groups.
D)the gender of the group members.
E)held constant.
Answer: A
Q3) If X and Y are correlated,X causes Y or Y causes X.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Inclusion and Identity
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Q1) Collectivistic cultures are competitive by nature,and shun people who do not do their personal best.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Judy does not know Roy,but she does know Don,who knows Roy.Judy's relationship to Roy is termed
A)remote
B)two degrees of separation.
C)reciprocal
D)transitional
E)disjunctive
Answer: B
Q3) Most people display a two-stage reaction when excluded: first,they are sad but then,they become angry.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Formation
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Q1) The elaboration principle states that groups expand from smaller dyadic relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q2) I strongly agree with such FIRO items as "I try to be with other people," "I join social groups," and "I try to avoid being alone." I am high in need for
A)control.
B)inclusion.
C)affection.
D)privacy.
E)esteem.
Q3) In a therapy group,members expect everyone to communicate and share their thoughts and feelings.All members agree on informal rules regarding who should talk and for how long.This group has high levels of ___ compatibility.
A)homophily
B)interchange
C)organizational
D)originator
E)structured
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Chapter 5: Cohesion and Development
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Q1) Collective cohesion is to ___ as structural cohesion is to ___.
A)attraction;goals
B)unity;affect
C)belonging;membership
D)unity;stability
E)motivation;efficacy
Q2) Which one illustrates the multilevel nature of cohesion?
A)A group where members no longer feel emotionally connected to one another does not qualify as being cohesive.
B)A highly productive group marked by low levels of integrated teamwork does not qualify as being cohesive.
C)Cohesion is based on attraction and teamwork.
D)Frank may feel that the group is a cohesive one,but his teammate Ed may not.
E)The members of a cohesive group like each other as individuals,but they also express liking for the group as a whole.
Q3) Critique the use of hazing to increase the cohesion of fraternities and sororities on college campuses (using research evidence).
Q4) What are consequences (positive and negative)of working in cohesive groups?
Q5) What is group cohesion?
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Chapter 6: Structure
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Q1) Because a group you belong to is formally organized in a hierarchical structure,
A)the informal structure will also be hierarchical.
B)there will be more high-status persons than low status persons.
C)some individuals in the group have more status than others.
D)the informal structure will probably be egalitarian.
E)status generalization exists.
Q2) Differences in authority are to differences in attraction as ___ differentiation is to ___ differentiation.
A)status;sociometric
B)social standing;power position
C)structure;feeling
D)power;communication
Q3) According to balance theory,an unbalanced group is one that is experiencing mental turmoil,and so is cognitive unbalanced.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the structure of the status relations in a group of the characters in the popular television program,such as Modern Family or Big Bang Theory.
Q5) Why do task roles and relationship roles emerge so regularly in groups?
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Chapter 7: Influence
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Q1) After the group discusses a topic,the number of the members expressing a specific view increases while the number of members expressing the dissenting view decreases.This is an example of A)consolidation
B)correlation
C)clustering
D)continuing diversity
E)merging
Q2) You do not like pizza but you like soup.But you go ahead and agree to eating pizza when the group pressures you to order pizza and not soup.After the meal,you still dislike pizza,but don't tell the group.This response is BEST described as A)compliance.
B)conversion.
C)anticonformity.
D)independence.
Q3) Is the pressure to conform the same or different in online groups? What do researchers believe is behind these similarities or differences?
Q4) Why do groups and the members of groups change their opinions over time?
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Chapter 8: Power
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Humans are the only primates that live in groups organized into status hierarchies.
B)Groups will remain unstructured unless an external threat prompts formation of a hierarchy.
C)Groups with organized dominance hierarchies are generally more effective than groups with flat status structures.
D)As the interpersonal complementarity hypothesis predicts,dominant behaviors tend to provoke dominance behaviors,
E)The iron law of oligarchy assumes the populace will resist domination by a minority.
Q2) Is there any truth to the expression "Power corrupts"?
Q3) Power tactics often work by disrupting the target's capacity to think about what they are being asked to do.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If you were the manager of a large staff of people in a manufacturing company,which bases of power would you rely on most heavily and why?
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Chapter 9: Leadership
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Q1) Leader-member exchange theory,or LMX,unlike other theories of leadership stresses the
A)quality of the relationship between the leader and each of his or her subordinates.
B)how the leader adjusts to situational demands.
C)leader's emphasis on task versus socioemotional demands.
D)leader's ability to enhance,or transform,group members' motivational levels.
E)group members' perceptions of their leader.
Q2) Derinda is the leader of the enterprise resources group,but she has a unique leadership style.She seems to have great concern for making sure the group members' relationships are positive;she is always agreeable,eager to help,comforting,and noncontroversial.She does not show any concern for productivity,per se,for she feels that people come first.According to Blake and Mouton,she has a ___ leadership style.
A)1-9
B)9-9
C)1-1
D)9-1
E)5-5
Q3) Compare and contrast a transactional leader versus a transformational leader.
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11
Chapter 10: Performance
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Q1) Social facilitation has been documented in several species,including ants.Which theory can explain the generality of this effect,and which theory has trouble accounting for these findings?
Q2) What is synergy,what forms does it take,and when is it likely to occur?
Q3) In a clear case of ___,the group performs the conjunctive task well after it insists that Edward-who had been working very slowly-improve his performance.
A)the Köhler effect
B)social facilitation
C)truth wins
D)social compensation
E)social combination
Q4) As evaluation apprehension suggests,only individuals with personality characteristics that are indicators of a negative orientation show social facilitation effects.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Intellective tasks are usually optimizing tasks.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Teams
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Q1) They plan,direct,strategize,integrate,coordinate,and prioritize.They are ___ teams.
A)project
B)advisory
C)management
D)work
Q2) What are the KSAs needed for good team members?
Q3) Holocracy is a multiteam system that requires all the members of an organization join to form a single,mega-team.
A)True
B)False
Q4) You are planning a mission to explore the planet Mars.When you create the team that you will send,what types of diversity will you build into the group and why?
Q5) Team effectiveness is most closely associated with extraversion and emotional stability.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is diversity,as applied to a team? Describe various forms diversity can take.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Decision Making
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Q1) What are some advantages and disadvantages of making decisions by voting versus discussion to consensus?
Q2) Vroom's decision making model does NOT include which of the following decision methods.
A)Decides: The leader decides with no input from others.
B)Delegates: The leader delegates the decision to the group.
C)Consults: The leader obtains the opinions of subordinates and then the leader decides.
D)Facilitates: The leader assists as the group makes the decision.
E)Assigns: The leader assigns the problem to a specific individual.
Q3) According to studies of meetings,who most dislikes meetings?
A)new members of the organization
B)individuals who do not need to coordinate their activities with others
C)men
D)individuals who do not feel they could express their opinions in meetings
E)the organization's leaders
Q4) Give an example of each of these decisional "sins": commission,omission,imprecision.
Q5) What causes polarization in groups? Give at least three theoretical perspectives.
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Chapter 13: Conflict
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Q1) Reactance occurs when an individual attributes a person's behavior to a negative rather than positive personal quality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Person A vs.Person B is to ___ as Group X vs.Group Y is to ___.
A)tension;conflict
B)intragroup conflict;intergroup conflict
C)intergroup conflict;intragroup conflict
D)interindividual conflict;interpersonal conflict
E)conflict;tension
Q3) ___ justice focuses on the fairness of distributed rights and resources whereas ___ justice focuses on the fairness of the steps followed when allocating rights and resources.
A)Procedural;distributive
B)Equity;equality
C)Distributive;procedural
D)Mediational;equity
E)Distributive;integrative
Q4) Use Heider's balance theory to explain why substantive conflicts tend to become personal conflicts.
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Chapter 14: Intergroup Relations
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Q1) Realistic conflict theory emphasizes the link between conflict and A)perceptions.
B)competition.
C)aggression.
D)social categorization.
Q2) Describe how Insko,Schopler,and their colleagues study intergroup conflict.Summarize their findings in terms of the discontinuity effect.
Q3) The extended contact hypothesis argues conflict will be reduced only if the contact conditions last for a prolonged period.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the Robbers Cave experiment,the Sherifs formed groups by
A)letting the boys join the team they preferred.
B)assigning the boys to two groups so that friends were clustered together.
C)contacting already existing groups and asking them to participate.
D)picking up the boys on different days and keeping them apart for one week.
Q5) What is the relationship between stereotypes and intergroup conflict? How do stereotypes influence perceptions?
Q6) Use scapegoat theory to explain racial conflicts.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Groups in Context
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Q1) How do such environmental factors as temperature,noise,and safety of the setting influence the following basic group processes: cohesion,performance,structure,and development?
Q2) Summarize the equilibrium model and apply it to a two-person,mixed-sex discussion group.
Q3) According to equilibrium theory,eye contact,topic intimacy,smiling must all be considered when making predictions about personal space needs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The group members feel upset,distressed,tense,and jittery.The group's environment falls in the __ and __ quadrant of the environmental ambiance model.
A)activation;negative
B)activation;positive
C)deactivation;negative
D)deactivation;positive
E)overload;stress
Q5) Using examples,describe the following factors' influence on crowding: attributions,intensity (density-intensity),controllability,and interference.
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Chapter 16: Growth and Change
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Q1) A cognitive-behavior therapist uses techniques that
A)focus on emotions and feelings.
B)focus on a specific client problem.
C)alter intrapsychic processes.
D)are based on psychoanalytic theory.
Q2) Lewin,in his classic study of attitude change conducted during World War II,found that the women he studied were most likely to change their attitudes if they
A)listened to a persuasive lecture when they were part of an intact group.
B)listened to a persuasive lecture in a cohesive group.
C)discussed the issue in a peer group and the group then reached a consensus on the matter.
D)the source of the persuasive message was a member of their group.
Q3) Don reports to a therapist's office where his degree of functioning is measured.Afterwards the therapy course is explained to him,and then Don signs a form agreeing to the goals of the group members are trying to achieve.Don is most likely in a cognitive-behavioral therapy group.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the advantages of group treatment compared to individual treatment?
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Chapter 17: Crowds and Collectives
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Q1) Which of the following does not fit with the others?
A)diffusions
B)trends
C)fads
D)social movements
E)riots
Q2) Collectives come in many shapes and sizes,but they nonetheless have one defining feature: members are always together in the same physical location.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Crowd crystals are more likely to be present in queues than in crowds.
B)Crowds,unlike most other types of groups,are unique in that they have no structure.
C)A crowd of five people is unlikely to draw people to it;ten or more individuals are needed to trigger the crowd formation process.
D)Every crowd is so unique that they can be studied only using case study methods.
E)Members of crowds are united by their shared focus on attention.
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