Counseling Psychology Pre-Test
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Course Introduction
Counseling Psychology is a course that explores the theories, methods, and practical techniques used by counseling psychologists to help individuals cope with emotional, social, educational, and developmental issues. Students will examine foundational counseling theories, assessment tools, and intervention strategies while developing strong communication and empathy skills. The course also addresses ethical considerations, multicultural competence, and evidence-based practices within diverse populations. Through lectures, case studies, and experiential learning, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the counseling process, preparing them for roles in mental health support, educational counseling, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy
J. Trull
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Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Q1) Which of the individuals below would be legally prohibited from using the title "psychotherapist"?
A) someone receiving a Ph.D. in counseling psychology
B) someone receiving a master's degree in social work
C) someone who has no formal training in mental health interventions, but gives advice to people after reading their palms
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Research on the employment of clinical psychologists demonstrates
A) a significant diversity of both work activities and work settings.
B) that very few clinical psychologists work in private practice settings anymore.
C) that research is the most common work activity among clinical psychologists.
D) that at least a quarter of clinical psychologists feel dissatisfied with their careers.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What was the most significant event to take place within the American Psychological Association (APA)in 1988?
A) A dramatic decrease in membership led to the recruitment of psychiatrists and others outside the psychological profession.
B) Psychoanalytic psychotherapy was officially denounced as ineffective.
C) Scientists, unhappy with the amount of emphasis placed upon clinical issues, left APA and formed the American Psychological Society.
D) To avoid confusion with the American Psychiatric Association (also abbreviated APA), the American Psychological Association officially renamed itself the American Psychological Society.
Answer: C
Q2) In __________,the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures published its first list of "empirically supported treatments."
A) 1995
B) 1983
C) 1978
D) 1963
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Briefly summarize the facts of the Tarasoff case and the implications of its ruling on the practice of psychotherapy.
Answer: The Tarasoff case involved a young woman, Tatiana Tarasoff, who was murdered by a man named Prosenjit Poddar. Prior to the murder, Poddar had confided in his therapist at the University of California, Berkeley that he intended to kill Tarasoff. The therapist informed the campus police, but Poddar was released after a brief evaluation and subsequently carried out the murder.
The ruling in the Tarasoff case established the duty of mental health professionals to warn potential victims if a patient poses a serious threat of harm. This has significant implications for the practice of psychotherapy, as it requires therapists to balance their duty to maintain patient confidentiality with their duty to protect potential victims. The ruling also highlights the importance of assessing and managing the risk of harm posed by patients, and has led to changes in the way mental health professionals approach confidentiality and the reporting of potential threats.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Researchers show participants one of several short films that vary in the extent to which they provoke anger,and they measure the heart rates of each participant immediately after each film.This research method is best described as a(n)
A) series of case studies.
B) unsystematic observation.
C) controlled observation.
D) naturalistic observation.
Q2) Why is deception sometimes used in psychological research? What are some objections to its use?
Q3) If the hypothesis states that A causes B and the r statistic demonstrates that A and B have a correlation of 0,it can be concluded that
A) A causes B.
B) B causes A.
C) A does not cause B.
D) none of the above
Q4) Briefly compare and contrast unsystematic,naturalistic,and controlled observation methods.
Q5) Briefly compare and contrast cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Q6) What are some threats to the validity of epidemiological research?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) A good synonym for the term "diathesis" is __________.
A) stress
B) consequence
C) environment
D) vulnerability
Q2) Changes incorporated in DSM-IV and maintained in DSM-IV-TR were based on __________ to a greater extent than changes incorporated in any previous edition.
A) standard psychiatric practice
B) empirical data
C) cognitive-behavioral theory
D) consensus of expert opinion
Q3) What is the function of each axis of DSM-IV-TR?
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the "disability or dysfunction or impairment" definition of abnormal behavior?
Q5) DSM-I was published in the A) 1930s.
B) 1940s.
C) 1950s.
D) 1960s.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) Dr.Lyons has developed an interview that assesses for a temporary psychiatric syndrome.When he collects data and calculates the one-month test-retest reliability,the figure is low.Which of the following is a possible explanation for this low figure?
A) People's symptoms changed over the one-month time frame.
B) People were bored or fatigued on one or both administrations.
C) either of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about psychological assessment?
A) Interest in psychological assessment is currently at an all-time low.
B) One current trend in assessment is the use of evidence-based assessment (EBA).
C) Psychological assessment occurs only at the beginning of treatment.
D) more than one of the above
Q3) Test-retest reliability is expected to be high when
A) the intervening time period between initial test and retest is at least several months.
B) the variable being assessed is a long-standing personality trait.
C) the variable being assessed is a temporary syndrome.
D) more than one of the above
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) The Mismeasure of Man is a critique of
A) early "mental ability" tests written by Alfred Binet.
B) Binet's approach to intelligence testing written by David Wechsler.
C) the intelligence testing of females written by Gloria Steinem.
D) intelligence testing written by Stephen J. Gould.
Q2) __________ is a measure of what one has already learned.
A) Achievement
B) Ability
C) Adeptness
D) Aptitude
Q3) Guilford argued that intelligence could be organized into three dimensions:
A) operations, contents, and products
B) verbal, nonverbal, and performance
C) componential, experiential, and contextual
D) verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, and speed of processing
Q4) Briefly compare and contrast the theories of intelligence posited by Spearman and Cattell.
Q5) How did changes in educational policy during the late 19th century influence the measurement of intelligence?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) A group of clinical psychologists is creating a new personality test by measuring correlations among items from pre-existing personality tests.They have theory-based hypotheses regarding the outcome of their procedure.They are apparently using the __________ approach to test construction.
A) confirmatory factor analytic
B) content validation
C) empirical criterion keying
D) exploratory factor analytic
Q2) The content validation approach to objective test construction is based primarily upon
A) the prevailing opinions of experts in the field.
B) the predictive value of each potential item.
C) correlations with other tests measuring the same construct.
D) the premise that examinees cannot or will not reliably and accurately report on themselves.
Q3) What must be true in order for a test to be considered "biased"? Is it possible for a test to be biased if it produces similar scores in different groups of people? Explain.
Q4) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
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Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate example of a scoring procedure for a behavioral observation?
A) Sally presses a counter every time a toddler looks in the direction of his or her mother during the clinic visit.
B) Annika presses a button on her handheld computer every time, during the work day, that she becomes aware of a craving for a cigarette.
C) Tomás makes a hatch mark on a piece of paper every time one spouse interrupts the other during a recorded conversation.
D) All of the above are appropriate scoring procedures.
Q2) Which of the following is the thesis underlying functional analysis?
A) Behaviors are learned and maintained because of consequences that follow them.
B) Behaviors are largely a function of unconscious processes.
C) Behaviors are a function of stable personality traits.
D) none of the above
Q3) What is functional analysis,and why is it essential to behavioral assessment?
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation?
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of controlled observation?
Q6) Describe two distinct types of observer error,and provide an example of each.
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) In general,empirical/objective clinicians regard patient data as A) correlates.
B) projective.
C) samples.
D) signs.
Q2) "Barnum" statements
A) are overly positive in tone.
B) exaggerate people's characteristics, similar to fun-house mirrors.
C) are so general as to be true of almost everyone.
D) are more negative or pessimistic than warranted.
Q3) Explain how stereotyped beliefs may affect one's clinical judgment,providing one example.What are three ways that clinical psychologists may try to combat the effects of bias on their clinical judgments?
Q4) A clinician who uses the clinical approach to clinical judgment is likely to base his/her judgments on A) actuarial data.
B) intuition.
C) empirical literature.
D) computer-generated predictions.
Q5) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
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Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) In the concluding section of the chapter,the authors outline several worthwhile issues to be addressed by future psychotherapy research.Describe at least three such issues.
Q2) Dr.Tierney is a clinical psychologist who has undergone personal psychotherapy in the past.Dr.Kellner,also a clinical psychologist,has never before received psychotherapy.Which individual is likely to be the more effective therapy provider?
A) Dr. Tierney
B) Dr. Kellner
C) It's hard to say; research on this topic has been mixed.
D) It's impossible to say; virtually no research has been devoted to this topic.
Q3) Most therapists view openness to the therapeutic process as
A) a positive indication for outcome.
B) a mild form of psychopathology.
C) a symptom of Dependent Personality Disorder.
D) none of the above
Q4) In what respects does the therapeutic relationship differ from a supportive friendship? How would you respond to the claim that the "expert" status of the therapist introduces an authoritarian element into the relationship?
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Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) How do problems at each of Freud's psychosexual stages contribute to adult personality?
Q2) Compared to Freudian psychoanalysis,contemporary forms of psychoanalytic psychotherapy
A) do not strictly require dream analysis or free association.
B) tend to emphasize early childhood less and the present situation more.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) Sigmund Freud
A) smoked cigars and experienced cancer of the jaw.
B) moved to England in his later years.
C) had a daughter who became a famous psychoanalyst herself.
D) all of the above
Q4) Simone is a young woman with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.According to Freud,Simone probably failed to successfully negotiate the __________ stage of development.
A) oral B) anal
C) genital D) phallic
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) Carl Rogers
A) was born in Europe.
B) grew up in a family with devout religious beliefs.
C) received his professional training in psychiatry.
D) none of the above
Q2) According to Gestalt therapists,the client's actions and behaviors are the responsibility of
A) the client.
B) the client's parents.
C) the sum total of the client's experience.
D) none of the above
Q3) William's therapist is using logotherapy techniques in their sessions.Assuming that the therapist attempted to match the treatment to the presenting problem,what is the most likely goal of William's treatment?
A) to correct his illogical/distorted cognitions
B) to assist him in his recovery from a traumatic experience
C) to encourage independence in his thoughts and actions
D) to help him find meaning in a cold, uncaring world
Q4) Describe at least three strengths and three criticisms of client-centered psychotherapy.
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) For what type of diagnosis is exposure and response prevention the treatment of choice? Illustrate with a fictional example the important elements of this treatment.
Q2) In 1924,Mary Cover Jones worked with a young boy to remove a fear of rabbits and similar objects.Her therapeutic technique
A) involved pairing rabbits with objects that elicited a higher intensity of fear.
B) emphasized the symbolic meaning that the child attached to the rabbits.
C) was similar to Wolpe's later techniques involving reciprocal inhibition.
D) emphasized the replacement of irrational cognitions with more logical cognitions.
Q3) Exposure and response prevention has been found to be particularly effective at treating
A) panic disorder.
B) social phobia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.
Q4) Explain the ABC model of RET,including the fundamental goal of this approach to therapy.
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Bateson,Lidz,and Bowen each emphasized the role that family members can play in the development of __________ and subsequent research has shown __________ for their ideas.
A) depression; minimal support
B) bipolar disorder; significant support
C) schizophrenia; minimal support
D) antisocial personality disorder; significant support
Q2) Which two types of group therapy have drawn concern due significant popularization with little research support?
A) psychoanalytic group therapy; psychodrama
B) psychodrama; transactional analysis
C) transactional analysis; Gestalt group therapy
D) Gestalt group therapy; psychoanalytic group therapy
Q3) According to transactional analysis,the preferred ego state is
A) parent (positive).
B) adult (positive).
C) child (positive).
D) more than one of the above
Q4) Compare and contrast conjoint,concurrent,and collaborative family therapy.
Q5) Compare and contrast transactional analysis and Gestalt group therapy.
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) What is community psychology? Identify four respects in which it differs fundamentally from traditional clinical psychology.
Q2) According to a series of studies on paraprofessional mental health services (Cowen,1982),__________ of the customers of hairdressers and bartenders raised moderate to serious personal problems with them.
A) almost none
B) a small but significant proportion
C) greater than 50%
D) almost all
Q3) According to recent meta-analyses,effective prevention programs have been developed for A) substance abuse.
B) depression and anxiety.
C) conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
D) all of the above
Q4) Identify at least four primary functions of self-help groups.How may professionals best contribute to the success of these groups?
Q5) Compare and contrast universal,selective,and indicated preventive interventions.
Q6) What is consultation,and what role does it play in community psychology?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) Dr.Baker is a health psychologist,and he is developing a program for the local elementary schools to deter children from taking up smoking.Based on the available research,which of the following interventions is likely to be LEAST effective for this purpose?
A) Focusing on dire health consequences, such as cancer or emphysema, that may occur after years of smoking.
B) Teaching smoking refusal skills through peer modeling and role plays.
C) Offering video recorded presentations that focus on the peer/social influences on smoking.
D) Conducting discussion groups to monitor children's attitudes toward and knowledge about smoking.
Q2) Cognitive-behavioral methods have been demonstrated as effective for the treatment of A) chronic pain.
B) bulimia.
C) smoking cessation.
D) all of the above
Q3) Compare and contrast the biopsychosocial model of illness and health with the models that preceded it.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Identify and describe in some depth at least four distinct antecedents or causes of brain damage.
Q2) Neuropsychology is best defined as the study of A) brain malfunction due to lesion or disease.
B) the relationship between brain function and intelligence. C) the relationship between brain function and behavior.
D) none of the above
Q3) The neuropsychologist may interpret neuropsychological tests according to A) differences between a patient's score and the norms for others in his/her reference group.
B) differences between two tests completed by the same patient. C) the specific pattern of test scores obtained by a patient.
D) all of the above
Q4) The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is best used to assess A) premorbid functioning.
B) abstract reasoning. C) overall intelligence.
D) memory.
Q5) Compare and contrast the localization of function,equipotentiality,and functional models of brain functioning.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Ashlee,who is wrapping up her undergraduate degree in psychology,is interested in becoming a forensic psychologist.ALL BUT WHICH of the following options are available to her (and others like her)for graduate training in this area?
A) doctoral psychology programs with a law emphasis
B) master's programs in psychology with a law emphasis
C) joint programs that award both law and psychology degrees
D) All of the above training options are available to Ashlee and others.
Q2) Identify at least three rights of hospitalized mental patients.Identify at least one additional right over which hospital personnel tend to exercise much discretion.
Q3) The present norm in child custody cases is
A) joint custody.
B) maternal custody.
C) paternal custody.
D) foster care.
Q4) __________ refers to the part of a trial during which a jury is impaneled.
A) Jurat
B) Voir dire
C) Vinculum juris
D) Trial de novo
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