Counseling Psychology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Counseling Psychology is a course designed to introduce students to the fundamental theories, principles, and practices within the field of counseling. The course explores various counseling models, techniques, and ethical standards, equipping students with practical skills for helping individuals cope with emotional, social, and behavioral challenges. Topics include assessment and diagnosis, multicultural competence, therapeutic communication, and intervention strategies. Through case studies and experiential learning, students will gain insight into the counselor-client relationship and develop foundational skills essential for effective practice in diverse settings such as schools, community agencies, and private practice.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture?
A) Because personality is concerned with the person, personality psychologists are not interested in cultural differences.
B) Most studies to date find few if any significant cross-cultural differences in personality phenomena.
C) Personalities exist within a cultural context.
D) Individual differences in personality can be found only in individualistic cultures.
Answer: C
Q2) Consistent behavior patterns that people display in many different situations are A) very difficult to identify.
B) often called individual differences by personality psychologists.
C) predictive of personality traits.
D) likely to be found in depressed personalities.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the "law of parsimony,"
A) a good theory generates a large number of hypotheses.
B) the best theory is the one that explains a phenomenon with the fewest constructs.
C) hypotheses are generated from theories.
D) theories should require as few studies as possible to support them.
Answer: B
Q2) A personality researcher administered her new measure of self-esteem to a group of participants. She waited two weeks and then gave the test to the same people again. She found that scores on the test changed quite a bit during the two-week period. Many participants who had scored low during the first administration scored high the second time, and many who had scored high initially scored low on the second administration. What problem does the researcher have with the new test?
A) Poor reliability
B) Poor internal consistency
C) Poor congruent validity
D) Poor face validity
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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70 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you use one of the defense mechanisms described by Freud significantly more than any of the others. If you are a well-adjusted and productive person, which defense mechanism would that probably be?
A) Repression
B) Sublimation
C) Displacement
D) Reaction formation
Answer: B
Q2) If Sigmund Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex, he would have needed to come up with another explanation for how A) unconscious needs are expressed in dreams.
B) the superego develops.
C) fixation affects adult personalities.
D) defense mechanisms work.
Answer: B
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) How responsive you are to hypnotic suggestions
A) depends largely on how good the hypnotist is.
B) is fairly stable over time, like a personality trait.
C) changes with your amount of experience with hypnosis.
D) can be predicted from personality trait measures like intelligence and extraversion.
Q2) When researchers asked people to rate cartoons for funniness, they found that A) each participant experienced a cathartic release of tension.
B) cartoons with sexual and aggressive themes were rated as funnier than cartoons with other themes.
C) the likelihood of participants acting aggressively significantly increased.
D) funniness ratings were inconsistent with predictions from Freudian theory.
Q3) Some psychoanalytic researchers have argued that dreams represent unresolved conflicts. As evidence for this interpretation, they point to A) how much more men sleep than women.
B) the results of sleep-deprivation studies.
C) recurrent dreams.
D) how much babies dream compared to adults.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that the roots of adult personality are largely formed in childhood?
A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Horney
D) Jung
Q2) The neo-Freudian theorist who stimulated the most discussion about religion was
A) Karen Horney.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Erich Fromm.
Q3) Which of the following theoretical concepts has been given general support from research using personal narratives?
A) Horney's womb envy
B) Adler's strivings for superiority
C) Fromm's authoritarian religions
D) Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment, dismissing people have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Participants in one experiment were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to either the person who had frustrated them or a stranger. This experiment was designed to test which part of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
A) Catharsis
B) Displacement
C) Sublimation
D) Reinforcement
Q3) In contrast to Freud's theory, object relations theorists
A) focus on internal drives and conflicts.
B) are interested in the intellectual and emotional development of the infant.
C) are interested in an infant's relationship with his or her parents.
D) do not believe that children develop unconscious representations of significant objects in their environment.
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sometimes test makers reverse the direction of the test items. That is, whereas sometimes agreeing with an item indicates a high score on the trait being measured, sometimes disagreeing with the item indicates a high score. Test makers do this to control for which potential problem?
A) Faking
B) Carelessness and sabotage
C) Social desirability
D) Acquiescence response
Q2) Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality?
A) Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the behavior of a single individual.
B) It is not easy to make comparisons across people with the trait approach.
C) The trait approach has been responsible for generating a number of useful approaches to psychotherapy.
D) Trait theorists place a greater emphasis on discovering the mechanisms underlying behavior than do theorists from other approaches to personality.
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9
Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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64 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety
A) are afraid of being graded or tested.
B) do not like to meet new people.
C) are afraid to speak in front of a large audience.
D) are afraid of what other people will think of them.
Q2) Researchers have found an association between achievement behavior and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one?
A) Social anxiety
B) Dispositional optimism
C) Defensive pessimism
D) Type A
Q3) Define and distinguish among three aspects of emotion that can be examined like personality traits. Describe the characteristics of each aspect of emotion in terms of predictable behavior patterns. What aspects of emotion are related to health and why?
Q4) Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) A strength of the biological approach is that A) it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior.
B) there seems to be no limit to psychologists' ability to test for biological factors. C) most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease. D) it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.
Q2) Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found A) temperament is not related to academic performance. B) children with an "easy" temperament don't do as well in school as other children. C) students do better when their temperament is similar to that of the teacher. D) temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.
Q3) What is cerebral asymmetry? How is it measured? Explain how emotion is predicted by individual differences in cerebral asymmetry and the possible role of thresholds in brain activity.
Q4) People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in emotionality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not?
A) Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive.
B) Extraverts are more likely to be socially active.
C) Introverts do not involve themselves in activities that increase feelings of competence and worth.
D) Extraverts are more sensitive to positive feedback.
Q2) Research on the genetic heritability of extraversion-introversion has made use of A) brain electrical activity measures.
B) the twin-study method.
C) differences in sensitivity to stimulation.
D) only twins that have been reared together (in the same environment).
Q3) You know a woman who has many friends and is often out having fun. But this woman also typically acts before thinking, thus bringing her a lot of trouble. This woman is probably
A) high on neuroticism.
B) low on neuroticism.
C) an extravert.
D) an introvert.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Emphasis on _________ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic psychology.
A) civil rights
B) laboratory rats
C) communism
D) individuality
Q2) A woman tells a humanistic psychotherapist that she wants to leave an unhappy relationship, but that she can't. The therapist will probably set as a goal that the woman comes to understand that
A) she must live in the "here and now."
B) there is a good part to everyone, even the man she is having trouble with now.
C) she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship.
D) when she gets in touch with who she really is and drops her defenses, many of her relationship problems will also end.
Q3) The most common defense, according to Rogers, is the process of distortion.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rosa receives a low grade on her biology midterm exam. If we know that Rosa is low in self-esteem, we might expect her to
A) work harder preparing for the next test.
B) blame others and make excuses for her failure.
C) think about the things she does well.
D) perform poorly on the next test.
Q2) Which approach has probably generated the least empirical research in psychology?
A) Biological
B) Behavioral/social learning
C) Humanistic
D) Trait
Q3) Which of the following statements is not supported by research findings?
A) We disclose to other people only when we like them.
B) We tend to like the people we disclose to.
C) We tend to respond to intimate disclosure from new acquaintances with intimate disclosure about ourselves.
D) We tend to disclose to people we like.
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14
Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Marlene's desk becomes so messy that on occasion she cannot find an important paper she is looking for. After several incidents in which she suffered the consequences of not finding a paper she needed (such as a homework assignment), she learned to organize and straighten her desk. Marlene learned this new behavior through which operant conditioning procedure?
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Extinction
Q2) Tony's mother wants him to learn to play with other children. She begins by offering him a quarter whenever he plays with other children nearby, even if he plays by himself. Later she gives him a quarter only when he plays on the same playground equipment other children are playing on. Finally, she gives him a quarter only if he actually plays with the other children. Tony's mother is demonstrating how to use
A) classical conditioning.
B) second-order conditioning.
C) shaping.
D) stimulus generalization.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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62 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bandura's model, children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they
A) do not pay attention to the model's behavior.
B) do not remember the model's behavior.
C) are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior.
D) do not notice the model's behavior.
Q2) Which of the following has research found to be true of internals?
A) They are more likely to complete their college degree than externals.
B) They are more ambitious than externals.
C) They show higher levels of performance in the workplace.
D) All of the above
Q3) Describe the circumstances under which people are more likely to imitate aggressive acts. Can it be said with some certainty that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively? For each research finding in support of this assertion state one alternative explanation for the evidence.
Q4) Studies of achievement have shown that externals
A) perform better on academic tests than internals in elementary school.
B) get better grades than internals in college.
C) receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cognitive approach has been criticized in which of the following ways?
A) It does not fit well with current trends in psychology.
B) The research has given it little support.
C) It is too specific and needs more abstraction.
D) It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior.
Q2) According to Kelly, personal constructs
A) consist of a number of possible classifications ranging from one extreme to another.
B) are basically the same for all people.
C) can be expressed in words.
D) are bipolar.
Q3) Patsy is not sure how her teacher will react to watch she wrote on her assignment. She's unable to predict what will happen when the paper is returned. According to personal construct theory,
A) anxiety is likely to accompany Patsy's thoughts.
B) Patsy's constructs will likely fail to become impermeable.
C) Patsy's construct system matches the ideal system instead of the real system.
D) it will become impossible to modify Patsy's construct system.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) When researchers ask men and women to write descriptions of themselves, women are more likely than men to include statements about
A) where they live.
B) their roles as parents and family members.
C) their physical appearance.
D) their age.
Q2) Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad?
A) Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light.
B) Pessimistic thoughts about the future.
C) Negative thoughts about oneself.
D) all of the above
Q3) Cognitive theorists see the causal arrow between cognitions and depressive symptoms running in one direction, from thoughts to symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly? Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) According to some researchers, the reason studies don't always find a relationship between Type A behavior and health problems may be that
A) only some of the behaviors within the Type A pattern are related to health problems.
B) researchers are doing a better job of measuring Type A today.
C) people have become aware of the causes of heart attacks in recent years and have taken actions to prevent them.
D) people today are working to reduce stress in their lives.
Q2) Of the following psychotherapists, who did Abraham Maslow meet during his teaching career?
A) Freud
B) Alder
C) Jung
D) Rogers
Q3) Compare Kelly's conception of human personality with Freud's view. Discuss the factors that influence personality and any similarities between these two conceptions. How can personal constructs be used to explain personality differences? According to Kelly, how do we make predictions about the world?
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