Counseling Psychology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Counseling Psychology is a course that explores the theories, methodologies, and skills essential for understanding and facilitating personal, social, and vocational development through counseling. Students will examine the principles of therapeutic relationship building, assessment, intervention techniques, and ethical considerations when working with diverse clients. The course emphasizes evidence-based practices, cultural competence, and the application of psychological theory to real-life situations, preparing students for both clinical and non-clinical counseling roles in educational, community, and organizational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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50 Chapters
1609 Verified Questions
1609 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a football game,John made 6 tackles.The number of tackles John made is an example of:
A)latency.
B)intensity.
C)duration.
D)frequency.
Answer: D
Q2) The amount of time it takes a worker to complete a task would be an example of what dimension of behavior?
A)frequency
B)intensity
C)duration
D)latency
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of behavior modification?
A)focus on mental processes
B)procedures based on brain-behavior relationships
C)emphasis on past events
D)precise description of procedures
Answer: D
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Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behavior?
A) behavior has dimensions
B) behavior is lawful
C) behavior can be observed,described,and recorded
D) behavior is always overt
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a dimension of behavior?
A) frequency
B) impact
C) duration
D) intensity
Answer: B
Q3) Mark's parents are trying to figure out why he hits his little brother.The process of trying to identify the functional relationship between a behavior and the environment is referred to as:
A) targeting
B) analysis
C) modification
D) exploration
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you record the amount of time it takes for a child with ADHD to get back in his seat in class following his teacher's request to sit down,what dimension of the behavior are you recording?
A)frequency
B)duration
C)intensity
D)latency
Answer: D
Q2) Continuous recording involves:
A)recording the behavior in consecutive intervals of time
B)recording each instance of the behavior
C)recording the product of the behavior
D)interval and time sample recording
Answer: B
Q3) Indirect assessment occurs through:
A)the person's recall of the behavior
B)watching the behavior and recording its occurrence
C)video recording the behavior and recording it from the video
D)all of these
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A track coach records how long it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters.The track coach is recording what dimension of behavior?
A) latency
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity
Q2) What is it called when two observers record the same behavior of the same person during the same time period and compare the results of their recording?
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of an analogue setting?
A) it is easier to control the situation during observation
B) it is easier to manipulate variables that affect behavior
C) it provides a more representative sample of the target behavior
D) all of these
Q4) Perry's watch beeped every 5 minutes and he recorded whether he was slouched over (bad posture)at the time the watch beeped.This is an example of ___________________ recording.
Q5) Merlin counted the number of times that he picked his nose each day.What dimension of behavior was he recording? _____________________________
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
Q2) In the typical behavior modification graph,______ and ______ are the two variables illustrated in the graph.
A)distance and time
B)behavior and location
C)behavior and time
D)time and distance
Q3) In a __________________ design,the same behavior of the same subject is being recorded in baseline and treatment phases in two or more different settings,and treatment is staggered across the settings.
A)multiple baseline across settings
B)multiple baseline across behaviors
C)multiple settings
D)A-B-A-B
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
Q2) In a multiple baseline across subjects design,there is a baseline and treatment phase for __________ behavior(s)of __________ subject(s).
Q3) A data point on a graph tells you:
A) when the behavior was recorded
B) the level of behavior
C) what is causing the behavior
D) A and B
Q4) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
Q5) A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented.This is an example of a(n)____________ design.
A) A-B-A-B
B) A-B
C) Multiple-baseline
D) Alternating treatments
Q6) In a __________________ research design,baseline and treatment sessions occur in rapid succession.
Q7) A ________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of a behavior over time.
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which schedule of reinforcement does a reinforcer get delivered when a response occurs after a period of time?
A)ratio schedule
B)continuous reinforcement schedule
C)interval schedule
D)discontinuous reinforcement schedule
Q2) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
Q3) _______________ demonstrated the 'law of effect," one of the earliest demonstration of reinforcement.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
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9
Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Negative reinforcement decreases a behavior in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Money is an example of a(n):
A) conditioned reinforcer
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reinforcer
D) unconditioned stimulus
Q3) Which schedule of reinforcement produces high,steady rates of responding with very little interruption after delivery of the reinforcer?
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q4) Identify the five factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement.
Q5) A conditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is an aversive stimulus?
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When extinction occurs for a behavior that was continuously reinforced
A)the behavior decreases rapidly
B)the behavior decreases more gradually
C)the behavior does not decrease
D)the behavior increases
Q2) Resistance to extinction means that
A)caregivers do not want to use extinction
B)extinction is no longer implemented
C)the behavior persists once extinction is implemented
D)the behavior decreases rapidly once extinction is implemented
Q3) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
Q4) When extinction occurs for a positively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
11
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Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison with a behavior that has been intermittently reinforced,a behavior that has been continuously reinforced will ____________ when reinforcement is stopped.
A) decrease more rapidly
B) decrease at the same rate
C) decrease more slowly
D) remain at about the same level
Q2) Extinction occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is ____________ reinforced.
A) continuously
B) intermittently
C) no longer
D) A and B
Q3) In extinction,the __________________ is eliminated following the occurrence of the behavior.
Q4) Spontaneous recovery is when the behavior occurs again after extinction has decreased the behavior to zero.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define spontaneous recovery following extinction.
Page 12
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an aversive stimulus is delivered after a behavior it _________ the behavior,and when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior it ______________ the behavior.
A)strengthens;weakens B)increases;decreases C)weakens;strengthens D)none of these
Q2) In negative punishment,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is weakened (less likely to occur in the future).
A)provided B)increased C)added D)removed
Q3) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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13
Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Punishment is a process that decreases or weakens a behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bill spits on an umpire during a baseball game and is suspended for ten games.As a result of being suspended,Bill never spits on an umpire again.Being suspended for his behavior of spitting is referred to as a:
A) reinforcer
B) punisher
C) punishment
D) conditioned response
Q3) Provide an example of positive punishment and an example of negative punishment.
Q4) In behavior modification,the term punishment is used to refer to a process in which the consequence of a behavior results in:
A) retribution for the behavior
B) a weakening of the behavior
C) retaliation for the behavior
D) all of these
Q5) A conditioned punisher is_______________ .
Q6) An unconditioned punisher is .
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ______________ involves a relationship among an antecedent stimulus,a behavior,and the consequence of the behavior.
A)three-term contingency
B)schedule of reinforcement
C)extinction burst
D)discriminative stimulus
Q2) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
Q3) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Generalization is associated with ____________ stimulus control.
A) strong
B) unique
C) broad
D) specific
Q2) Whenever Tommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime,the babysitter lets him.Whenever Tommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime,they do not let him.As a result,Tommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime.The presence of the parents at bed time is referred to as a(n)__________ for asking to stay up late:
A) stimulus class
B) S-delta
C) reinforcer
D) discriminative stimulus
Q3) How is stimulus control developed?
Q4) Stimulus discrimination training may also occur with punishment.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
Q5) When a(n)_____________ is present the behavior is less likely to occur.
Q6) When a(n)____________ is present the behavior is more likely to occur.
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Page 17
Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) A young child is at the aquarium was looking at fish swim by the glass on the side of the tank in front of her.Suddenly a large shark darted by the glass and startled the girl (she experienced autonomic arousal).The next time she was near the glass to the tank,she experienced the autonomic arousal again.In this example,identify the US and the CS.
A)shark;colorful fish
B)shark;autonomic arousal
C)shark,the glass to the tank
D)glass to the tank;autonomic arousal
Q2) In higher order conditioning,the neutral stimulus is paired with a(n)______________.
A)US
B)CS
C)another neutral stimulus
D)2 USs at the same time
Q3) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) A response elicited by the conditioned stimulus is referred to as a(n)____________ response.
A) learned
B) conditioned
C) unconditioned
D) automatic
Q2) The behavior that is elicited by the presence of an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus is referred to as __________ behavior.
A) respondent
B) operant
C) automatic
D) learned
Q3) Another name for respondent conditioning is
A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) verbal conditioning
Q4) For respondent conditioning to be most effective,the US should _____________ (precede / follow)the NS.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the example in the book,which variation of shaping was used to get Mrs.F to walk again after her hip replacement surgery?
A)generating a novel behavior
B)reinstating a previously exhibited behavior
C)changing some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
Q2) When would shaping not be the most appropriate procedure to us?
A)if the person already engages in the target behavior
B)if more efficient behavioral acquisition strategies can be used
C)when you want to decrease a behavior
D)all of these
Q3) Shaping can be used to:
A)generate a novel behavior
B)reinstate a previously exhibited behavior
C)change some dimension of an existing behavior
D)all of these
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how shaping might be used to develop a problem behavior.Provide an example.
Q2) During shaping what is responsible for the emergence of novel behaviors?
A) respondent conditioning
B) extinction burst
C) instructions
D) successive approximations
Q3) In which of the following instances can shaping be used?
A) to reinstate a previous behavior
B) to develop a novel behavior
C) to change a dimension of an existing behavior
D) all of these
Q4) In _______________ successive approximations of the target behavior are differentially reinforced until the individual engages in the target behavior.
A) conditioning
B) prompting
C) shaping
D) positive reinforcement
Q5) Define shaping.Provide an example.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) An instructor puts her hands over the student's hands to help the student mold the clay as the clay is spinning on the wheel during a pottery class.What type of prompt is the instructor using?
A)verbal
B)gestural
C)modeling
D)physical
Q2) You are using a computer program to help study for your behavior modification exam.The program has flash cards with a term and its definition.When the term is shown,you click the button to see the definition.This allows you to say the correct definition of the term.Each time you click the button to see the definition,the program shows you less and less of the definition.Eventually you have to define the term without seeing any of the definition.This is an example of:
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) When only one type of prompt is faded it is called ____________ fading and when fading occurs across different types of prompts it is called ____________ fading.
A) within prompt ;across prompts
B) first order ;higher order
C) one-dimensional ;multidimensional
D) isolated ;generalized
Q2) Once prompts have been faded,the behavior should be under the ___________ of the natural ___________.
Q3) When the behavior of one individual leads to the desired behavior of another individual in the presence of the discriminative stimulus it is called a ____________ prompt.
A) antecedent
B) stimulus
C) behavioral
D) response
Q4) Ultimately,the discriminative stimulus must have stimulus control over the behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the first behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q2) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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24
Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) A basketball coach uses a series of drawings in order to teach Tommy the proper sequence of behaviors necessary to successfully carry out a play from the play book.This is an example of using:
A) picture prompts
B) total task presentation
C) forward chaining
D) graduated guidance
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a chaining procedure?
A) backward chaining
B) forward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) contingency chaining
Q3) Forward chaining and backward chaining both involve:
A) teaching one component of the behavioral chain at a time
B) the use of prompting and fading
C) the use of reinforcers after each response in the chain
D) all of these
Q4) What type of prompt is most often used to guide the learner through the chain of behaviors in total task presentation? ___________
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) What is a benefit of rehearsal in behavioral skills training?
A)it lets the teacher know if the learner can engage in the correct behavior
B)it provides an opportunity to reinforce the behavior
C)it provides an opportunity to assess and correct errors that may occur.
D)all of these
Q2) Which is NOT an important characteristic of instructions?
A)instructions should be given when the learner is paying attention
B)instructions should be complex so they convey the most information
C)instructions should be delivered by someone with credibility
D)all of these
Q3) What is an important aspect of modeling?
A)the model should have similarity to the learner or high status
B)the model's behavior should result in a successful outcome
C)the model's behavior should occur in the proper context
D)all of these
Q4) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
26
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) Which component of the behavioral skills training procedure is an antecedent strategy?
A) instructions
B) modeling
C) rehearsal
D) A and B
Q2) Why is it important for the learner to repeat instructions?
Q3) BST procedures are valuable when the learner cannot benefit from being told what to do or from observing the correct behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Generalization from training sessions to natural situations is more likely to occur if:
A) training situations are similar to natural situations
B) training occurs in a different context
C) the learner practices in relatively easy situations
D) all of these
Q5) Describe how modeling,instructions,rehearsal and feedback are a part of a three-term-contingency.
Q6) Provide 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of group behavioral skills training.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
Q2) Which is NOT functional assessment method?
A)indirect methods
B)direct observation methods
C)functional relationship methods
D)experimental methods
Q3) Using behavioral interviews or questionnaires to gather information of the antecedents and consequences of the problem behavior is which functional assessment method?
A)indirect
B)direct observation
C)in situ assessment
D)experimental (functional analysis)
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) If a child engages in a problem behavior in a store (e.g. ,a tantrum)and the parent gives the child candy,the child is more likely to engage in problem behavior in the store.This is an example of:
A) automatic positive reinforcement
B) social positive reinforcement
C) automatic negative reinforcement
D) social negative reinforcement
Q2) Experimental methods,also known as ___________ analysis,or ___________ analysis.
Q3) A parent is trying to decrease the frequency of a child's swearing behavior.The parent observes the child and writes down a description of the behavior,antecedents,and consequences each time the child swears.In this example,the parent is using the ____________ method of ABC observation.
A) indirect
B) checklist
C) interval recording
D) descriptive
Q4) If a problem behavior is reinforced by attention,it is an example of ___________________ positive reinforcement.
Q5) List and describe the 3 ways to conduct an ABC observation.
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) When the behavior is positively reinforced,what happens after the behavior when you use extinction?
A)the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior
B)the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior
C)the person gets attention
D)the person gets escape
Q2) In the case of Willy,female staff responded to his problem behavior with arguing and explaining (attention).What category of reinforcement does this represent?
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q3) Joe flicks the light switch on and off and it produces reinforcing visual stimulation.As a result he is more likely to flick the light switch on and off.Describe the use of extinction in this case.
A)provide no attention when Joe flicks the switch
B)make Joe complete a task when the flicks the switch
C)disable the light switch so flicking it no longer turns the light on or off
D)remove a favorite toy when Joe flicks the light switch
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Page 30
Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Jesse is constantly going into mom's purse to get gum.Mom finds this behavior annoying and inappropriate and decides if she ignores Jesse the behavior will stop.What is most likely to happen to Jesse's purse rummaging behavior? What would you tell Jesse's mother to do to eliminate this behavior?
Q2) It is always safe to remove the reinforcer for a problem behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Extinction of a problem behavior will be more rapid when the behavior had been reinforced on a(an)____________ reinforcement schedule.
A) fixed interval
B) continuous
C) variable interval
D) intermittent
Q4) In an extinction burst:
A) the behavior may increase in frequency,intensity,or duration
B) novel behaviors may occur
C) emotional behaviors may occur
D) all of these
Q5) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In full session DRL:
A)the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in the session
B)the reinforcer is delivered if a specified amount of time occurs between responses
C)the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior
D)all of these
Q2) ___________________ is a preference assessment procedure.
A)single stimulus assessment
B)paired stimulus assessment
C)multiple stimulus assessment
D)all of these
Q3) In ______________ the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior.
A)DRA
B)DNRA
C)DRL
D)DRO
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In order to implement DRO successfully you need to:
A) deliver the reinforcer when the alternative behavior occurs
B) deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior
C) deliver the punisher when the problem behavior occurs
D) A and C
Q2) At what point during the implementation of DRO is the time interval increased?
A) when the problem behavior continues to occur at a high level
B) when the reinforcer is being delivered after most intervals
C) the time interval is not increased in DRO
D) A and B
Q3) When you are most interested in decreasing the overall rate of a behavior you should use ____________ DRL,but if the timing of the behavior is most important you should use ____________ DRL.
A) full-session;spaced-responding
B) spaced-responding;full-session
C) response;delay
D) whole-interval;momentary
Q4) Reinforcement delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in a period of time is referred to as ___________ DRL.
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats at the party,Nathan ate a big meal before the party.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q2) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would work out in the student recreation center at noon,Melissa scheduled a class before noon at a building next to the recreation center
A)decrease response effort
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Presenting the S<sup>D</sup>,decreasing response effort,and presenting an establishing operation are ways to:
A) make a behavior less likely
B) make a behavior more likely
C) both of these
D) none of these
Q2) When identifying and defining the desirable and competing behaviors you need to determine whether you can:
A) reduce the response effort for the desired behavior
B) decrease the response effort for the competing behaviors
C) increase the response effort for the desired behavior
D) A and B
Q3) Which of the following is NOT manipulated in antecedent control procedures?
A) reinforcers
B) response effort
C) discriminative stimuli
D) establishing operations
Q4) Presenting an EO for the outcome of the behavior will make the behavior ____________ likely to occur.
Q5) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) ________________ is defined as the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior?
A)time-out
B)extinction
C)response cost
D)response effort
Q2) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q3) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Which of the following occur(s)when DRO is used in conjunction with a punishment procedure?
A) the absence of the problem behavior is reinforced
B) an alternative behavior is reinforced
C) the problem behavior increases
D) A and B
Q2) A time-out room should have a lock on the door so the client is unable to escape back to the reinforcing environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following can be used in response cost procedures?
A) activity punishers
B) tangible reinforcers
C) conditioned responses
D) aversive stimuli
Q4) What behavioral principle(s)is involved in response cost?
A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) negative punishment
D) negative punishment and extinction
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) In the _________________ procedure,the client is made to engage in some form of physical exercise contingent on an instance of the problem behavior
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)response cost
Q2) What is the SIBIS procedure?
A)an automated behavior recording procedure
B)an apparatus that uses shock to treat self-injurious behavior
C)a procedure that uses noise to decrease habit behaviors
D)a type of self-injurious behavior
Q3) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment are:
A)application of aversive activities,application of aversive stimuli
B)time out and response cost
C)application of painful stimuli,reinforcer loss
D)application of painful stimuli,application of aversive stimuli
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) Erica tends to rush through her arithmetic problems on her homework assignments and ends up making numerous errors.How could Erica's teacher implement a positive practice procedure to decrease math errors?
Q2) Greg shows up late for football practice,and has to run five laps around the field.As a result,Greg no longer shows up late for practice.Which punishment procedure requires the individual to engage in physical exercise following the occurrence of the problem behavior?
A) guided exercise
B) contingent practice
C) restitution
D) contingent exercise
Q3) Which form of positive punishment is based on the Premack Principle?
A) exclusionary time-out
B) response cost
C) application of aversive activities
D) application of aversive stimulation
Q4) For most people,physical guidance in a noncompliance situation is an aversive event.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then went to the homes and put reminder signs in each room for the parents to read to make it more likely they will use the parenting skills.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
Q2) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks each parent to praise the other parent when the parent uses a parenting skill successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) When reinforcing a behavior that occurs outside the training situation in the presence of relevant stimuli,the relevant stimuli develop ___________ over the behavior.
Q2) It is important to only focus on one particular relevant situation when training an individual.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If ___________ contingencies are discontinued prematurely,there is a risk that the problem behavior may begin to occur more frequently.
Q4) Another way to promote generalization if reinforcing the behavior outside of training sessions is not feasible,is to ___________.
Q5) In order to increase the probability that the target behavior will occur in all relevant situations following training,you should:
A) use punishment on competing behaviors
B) reinforce the behavior in the presence of the S-delta
C) program for generalization
D) conduct a task analysis
Q6) What does it mean to incorporate common stimuli?
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?
A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur
B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered
C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.
D)all of these
Q2) _______________ occurs when significant others in a person's life help the person succeed in a self-management program
A)reinforcement
B)prompting and fading
C)social support
D)behavioral contracting
Q3) When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.
A)applied behavior analysis
B)self-behavior modification
C)self-management
D)self-directed behavior modification
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Q1) An individual can change his own behavior by arranging antecedents and consequences to influence the occurrence of the behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At what point in time do you reevaluate a self-management procedure?
A) once the goal has been achieved
B) before the procedures are implemented
C) if the target behavior is not changing in the desired direction
D) if the target behavior is changing as expected
Q3) What is the first step in a self-management plan?
A) goal setting
B) functional assessment
C) making the decision to engage in self-management
D) defining the target behavior and competing behaviors
Q4) Identify 3 antecedent manipulations a pregnant woman could use to increase the likelihood that she would eat healthier foods.
Q5) List the steps involved in developing a self-management plan.
Q6) What are the short term and long term contingencies for overeating?
Q7) When does social support become a self-management strategy?
Page 43
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) ______________ are repetitive vocal sounds or words that do not serve a social function.
A)vocal habits
B)motor tics
C)vocal tics
D)all of these
Q2) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q3) After learning to identify each occurrence of the habit,the client learns an incompatible behavior and practices this behavior in session after each occurrence of the habit.Which habit reversal component is this?
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) Which type of habit behavior is NOT related to heightened muscle tension?
A) stuttering
B) motor tics
C) nervous habits
D) none of these
Q2) When the habit reversal procedure is applied to stuttering,the procedure is called
A) stuttering reversal
B) speech therapy
C) regulated breathing
D) stuttering regulation
Q3) A client usually engages in a competing response for 10-15 minutes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a habit reversal procedure,teaching an individual to identify each instance of the habit behavior is referred to as ____________ training.
A) discrimination
B) awareness
C) recognition
D) contingency
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) _______________ is a reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers are delivered for desirable behaviors and later exchanged for back up reinforcers
A)behavioral contract
B)token economy
C)structured reinforcement plan
D)response cost
Q2) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
Q3) Which of the following would not be a good item to use as a token in a token economy with elementary students?
A)pennies
B)hole punches in a card made with a uniquely shaped hole punch
C)smiley face stickers
D)all of these
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Q1) Fading the use of tokens in a token economy: A) is started shortly after the person begins the program B) increases the chance that the behavior change will generalize from the token economy to the natural environment C) should be avoided because it make the token economy less effective D) A and B
Q2) When an individual accumulates a specified number of tokens in a token economy,the tokens are exchanged for ____________ reinforcers. A) conditioned B) backup C) secondary D) negative
Q3) Why is it important for a response cost procedure to not result in a loss of all tokens?
Q4) A __________________ is a behavior modification procedure in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are used to strengthen desirable behaviors in individuals.
Q5) Describe 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages involved in the use of a token economy.
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person writes a behavioral contract with a contract manager in which she agree to run 3 miles,five times per week.If she meets this goal,she will avoid the loss of $10 that she deposited.Each week she gets together with the contract manager and reports how many miles she ran each day and the contract manager implements the contingency.What is wrong with this contract?
A)$10 is too much money to include in the contingency
B)$10 is not enough money to put into the contingency
C)self-report of her daily running distance is not an adequate method for recording the behavior
D)money should not be used in a behavioral contract
Q2) An acceptable method for measuring the target behavior in a behavioral contract is: A)permanent product
B)automated recording
C)direct observation by the contract manager or an agreed-upon third party.
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) The negotiation of a behavioral contract involves agreement by the parties on the:
A) time frame
B) consequences
C) level of the target behavior
D) all of these
Q2) In a one party contract,the contract manager often stands to gain from the contract contingencies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is used in a behavioral contract to determine whether the target behavior occurred or did not occur?
A) verbal reports of the client
B) permanent products of the behavior
C) self-monitoring by the client
D) all of these
Q4) Rule governed behavior is a likely reason that behavioral contracts are effective.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) In _______________,the person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus.
A)in vivo desensitization
B)systematic desensitization
C)flooding
D)all of these
Q2) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) What respondent behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)negative thinking
D)all of these
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) Attention focusing exercises involve:
A) deep,rhythmic breathing
B) tensing and relaxing each of the major muscle groups in the body
C) focusing on a therapist who provides images of relaxing scene
D) assuming relaxed postures with all parts of the body supported in a recliner of comfortable chair
Q2) Whenever Cindy sees a mouse,she experiences rapid heart rate,sweaty hands,and an upset stomach.The presence of the mouse is a(an)____________,and the unpleasant bodily response is a(an)____________.
A) conditioned stimulus;conditioned response
B) establishing operation;operant response
C) unconditioned stimulus;unconditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus;operant response
Q3) In the case of Ellen's fear,identify the CS _____________and the CR
Q4) A therapist does not have to know how a fear was conditioned in order to help the individual overcome the fear.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Which question below is used to challenge a client's distorted thinking in cognitive therapy for depression?
A)Where is the evidence?
B)Are there any alternative explanations?
C)What are the implications?
D)all of these
Q2) In ___________________________,the goal is to help people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than to change them.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
Q3) In __________________treatment for depression,the therapist gets the client to commit to engage in a number of different reinforcing activities each week
A)behavioral activation
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Which of the following is a cognitive behavior modification procedure?
A) cognitive restructuring
B) behavioral skills training
C) cognitive adaptation training
D) A and C
Q2) In cognitive therapy,the therapist asks the client questions in an attempt to get the client to change her distorted thinking.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cognitive restructuring occurs when a client ________________ distorted thoughts with ________________ that don't lead to distressing moods or behaviors.
Q4) In cognitive therapy,the therapists asks three questions to challenge the client's distorted thinking: Where is the evidence? Are there any alternative explanations? And
A) Why do you think that way?
B) What are the implications?
C) How can you prevent those thoughts from occurring?
D) What have you done to control those thoughts?
Q5) Provide 3 examples of "cognitive distortions."
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