Counseling Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Counseling Psychology is a field of study focused on understanding and facilitating healthy personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. The course explores theoretical foundations, assessment methods, and intervention strategies used by counseling psychologists to help individuals cope with emotional, social, educational, and career-related challenges. Emphasis is placed on ethical practices, multicultural competence, evidence-based approaches, and the development of core counseling skills. Through case studies, discussions, and practical exercises, students learn how to apply psychological principles to promote well-being, resilience, and positive change in diverse populations and settings.
Recommended Textbook
Abnormal Psychology 5th Canadian Edition by Gerald C. Davison
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18 Chapters
3752 Verified Questions
3752 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction Definitional And Historical
Considerations, And Canadas Mental Health System
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196 Verified Questions
196 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a Mental Health and Well-Being Survey (2002), over ____% of Canadians who suffered from mood, anxiety, or substance dependence disorders felt embarrassed and discriminated against.
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 90%
Answer: C
Q2) A happily married man covertly purchases women's shoes. Afterwards he masturbates while wearing the shoes. This illustrates what definition of abnormality?
A) Disability or dysfunction
B) Unexpectedness
C) Personal distress
D) None of these; the behaviour is not abnormal.
Answer: D
Q3) Most people with psychological disorders can never be cured of their illness.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches
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232 Verified Questions
232 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurotransmitters
A) deliver nerve impulse information across the synapse.
B) allow for the detection of brain activity, through measures such as EEG.
C) transmit genetic information from parents to offspring.
D) block the flow of information and contribute to behavioural problems.
Answer: A
Q2) The biological paradigm adopts the stance that mental illness is the result of physical illness.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The small gap between brain cells that is involved in message transmission is called the:
A) Neurotransmitter
B) Axon
C) Ganglion
D) Synapse
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Clinical Assessment
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210 Verified Questions
210 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The circumplex model of family adjustment is based on the dimensions of:
A) Cohesion and adaptability
B) Coping and problem-solving
C) Agency and communion
D) Assimilation and accommodation
Answer: A
Q2) In regards to brain-behaviour relationships, Rourke (2008) raised the following question:
A) Whether the role of neurotransmitters can predict forms of psychosocial functioning in individuals
B) Whether forms of psychosocial functioning of individuals can be predicted by neurological analysis
C) Whether neuropsychological analysis of individuals could predict forms of psychosocial functioning
D) Whether psychosocial functioning could predict neurotransmitter levels
Answer: C
Q3) A test can be reliable without being valid.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Classification and Diagnosis
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154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why are diagnosing and classification of mental disorders so important for clinicians?
A) They allow mental health professionals to communicate efficiently.
B) They help patients seek causes of and treatments for mental disorders.
C) They enable comparisons between physiological and pharmacological treatments.
D) They help therapists design new treatment plans for established disorders.
Q2) Jean is working on an advertising campaign for the DSM-5. Who should she target her ads towards?
A) Clinical psychologists
B) Pharmaceutical industry representatives
C) Judges
D) All of the above
Q3) Physicians are expected to use the DSM-5 PC to diagnose mental health issues when it becomes available.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are V-codes and conditions for further study in the DSM-5? How are they similar or different?
Q5) How are cultural considerations different in DSM-5 from DSM-IV?
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Chapter 5: Research Methods In The Study of Abnormal Behaviour
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189 Verified Questions
189 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theory can be defined as:
A) The pursuit of systemized knowledge through observation
B) The systematic acquisition and evaluation of information
C) Expectations about what should occur
D) A set of propositions meant to explain a class of phenomena
Q2) A correlation of .98 between X and Y would indicate a:
A) virtually no relationship between X and Y.
B) a causal relationship, where X causes Y.
C) weak positive relationship between X and Y.
D) strong positive relationship between X and Y.
Q3) In a study on the effectiveness of therapy in treating depression, participants in the cognitive-behavioural therapy group scored significantly lower than patients in the behavioural therapy group. This difference is referred to as:
A) The third variable problem
B) The directionality problem
C) Within-group variance
D) Between-group variance
Q4) Define internal and external validity. Which is more important for an experiment? Why?
Q5) What are the benefits of meta-analysis? What are the drawbacks?
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Chapter 6: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders
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243 Verified Questions
243 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sally and her brother Sam were both administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), and both had high scores. In terms of their processing of cues, the results could be interpreted to mean that:
A) Both are equally prone to psychological threats
B) Sally is more sensitive to social threats whereas Sam is more sensitive to physical threats
C) Sally is more sensitive to physical threats whereas Sam is more sensitive to psychological threats
D) Both are equally prone to physical threats
Q2) A rare condition exhibited by some Inuit of the Northwest Territories and Greenland, involving concerns about drowning and disorientation, has come to be known as:
A) Kayak angst
B) Koro
C) Taphephobia
D) Marasmus
Q3) What is the most common element of treatment for anxiety disorders and why is it considered so important for successful treatment?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Somatic Symptom Disorders and Dissociative Disorders
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) On February 1, 2007, a landmark decision was made by the Supreme Court of Canada, which stated that:
A) The insanity plea will no longer be accepted for cases of childhood sexual abuse perpetrators
B) Hypnosis cannot be used to enhance the memories of witnesses
C) Hypnosis can be used only in recovering memories of childhood sexual abuse
D) Memory enhancement evidence can be derived from experimental hypnosis but not from psychotherapy
Q2) fMRI studies of a patient with dissociative identity disorder suggest that these two brain structures are implicated:
A) Frontal cortex & limbic system
B) Prefrontal cortex & limbic system
C) Prefrontal cortex & nucleus accumbens
D) Nucleus accumbens & frontal cortex
Q3) Canadian psychiatrist Colin Ross is famous for his research on:
A) Dissociation in everyday life
B) The false memory syndrome
C) Dissociative amnesia
D) Dissociative identity (formerly multiple personality) disorder
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mood Disorders and Suicide
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260 Verified Questions
260 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Medication used to treat mood disorders continuously alter the levels of neurotransmitters, which is why people feel better.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Nolen-Hoeksema's research on the role of rumination and brooding in depression was motivated initially by the desire to provide an explanation for:
A) The learned helplessness effects identified by Seligman
B) The negative impact that depressed people have on other people
C) The tendency for depression to be more common among females than males
D) The paradoxical finding that depressed people seem to be "sadder but wiser"
Q3) In a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions (19 RTCs) focusing on prevention, Cuijpers et al. (2008) revealed an average reduction of ___ in the incidence of depression.
A) 8%
B) 10%
C) 18%
D) 22%
Q4) Discuss the treatment options and prognosis for individuals with bipolar disorder.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Psychophysiological Disorders and Health Psychology
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240 Verified Questions
240 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the first phase of Selye's GAS model, the ______ is activated by stress.
A) ANS
B) CNS
C) RAS
D) HPA axis
Q2) Jonathan is walking down a dark street and thinks he is being followed. His heart starts racing and his palms start sweating. Which part of his nervous system is primarily being activated?
A) Somatic
B) Autonomic
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Brain stem
Q3) According to Tennant (2001), job stress is consistently linked with:
A) Anxiety
B) Management staff who have Type A personalities
C) Personal health problems
D) Depression
Q4) Europeans are more likely to have hypertension than North Americans.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Eating Disorders
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198 Verified Questions
198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) University of British Columbia researchers Pinel et al (2000) postulate that the main difference between starving individuals and those with anorexia is
A) Neurochemical imbalances in the brain.
B) Lack of positive incentive value for eating.
C) Absence of great interest in food.
D) Anorexics increase their activity in response to starvation whereas starving individuals decrease their activity.
Q2) Eating disorder, not otherwise specified, is the most common diagnosis of eating disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When was the diagnosis of binge eating disorder first introduced into the DSM?
A) DSM-III
B) DSM-IV
C) DSM-IV-TR
D) DSM-5
Q4) Binge eating disorders is essentially bulimia without purging.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Schizophrenia
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239 Verified Questions
239 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are A) visual.
B) tactile.
C) auditory.
D) olfactory.
Q2) As a result of limitations in the DSM subtypes of schizophrenia, A) they are often not used in clinical practice.
B) the number of people diagnosed as schizophrenic has increased. C) major revisions are planned for the next revision of DSM.
D) researchers are studying other subtyping systems.
Q3) Hospitalization rates for schizophrenia in psychiatric hospitals in Canada are about:
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
Q4) Regular sibling pairs are as likely as fraternal (dizygotic) twins to both have schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Substance-Related Disorders
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237 Verified Questions
237 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for alcohol dependence in the U.S. are approximately _____ and _____ respectively.
A) 10%; 4%
B) 12)5%; 4%
C) 14)5%; 8%
D) 17%; 5%
Q2) Wanda drinks frequently, and now requires much more alcohol than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can out-drink most people. Wanda is probably
A) genetically not predisposed to alcoholism.
B) developing a physiological dependence on alcohol.
C) acquiring behavioural skills in modulating her drinking.
D) deluding herself. This is not physically possible.
Q3) What is the Canadian Federal Government attitude in regards to Harm Reduction Therapy in the treatment of drug use?
A) It opposes its presence and development.
B) It tolerates its presence and development.
C) It has no view on the matter.
D) It reluctantly accepts its presence and development.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Personality Disorders
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peter not only works 70 hours a week, but he spends his off hours planning a schedule for his family. He dictates what time his wife will be home, when dinner will be served, and when they will go to bed. He is such a perfectionist that he actually finds it difficult to get work done efficiently, despite the amount of time he spends trying. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Peter?
A) Dependent
B) Narcissistic
C) Schizoid
D) Obsessive-compulsive
Q2) Harpur and Hare (1994) found that scores on Factor 2 of the PCL-R declined with age. What does this imply about the behaviour of psychopaths?
A) They become less impulsive with age.
B) They become less egocentric with age.
C) They develop a greater sense of guilt with age.
D) They become less manipulative with age.
Q3) Personality disorders can be assessed using questionnaires and clinical interviews. Which method is more effective? Why?
Q4) How are the clusters of personality disorders distinguished?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Sexual Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
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194 Verified Questions
194 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Male orgasmic disorder:
A) Is a frequently occurring problem.
B) Is associated with childhood sexual abuse.
C) Is a problem that is bound to a specific situation.
D) Is rare.
Q2) A person with gender identity disorder is attracted to people
A) From the same sex.
B) From the opposite sex
C) From the same or opposite sex.
D) With the same sexual orientation.
Q3) Which of the following attachment styles has been linked with sex offenders?
A) Secure
B) Insecure
C) Avoidant
D) Ambivalent
Q4) A person can be considered a pedophile if s/he offends against a postpubescent child who is under the age of consent and at least five years younger than the offender.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Disorders of Childhood
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240 Verified Questions
240 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Frick and Moffitt (2010) demonstrated that impulsive and antisocial youths who show callous-unemotional traits:
A) Are less likely to recognize fear in other and are less sensitive to punishment cues.
B) Are more fearless and show thrill-seeking behaviour.
C) Are similar in emotional, cognitive and personality characteristics to psychopathic adults.
D) All of the above.
Q2) Kirk was raised in an abusive environment and frequently seems confused by his surroundings. Which of the following attachment patterns is he most likely to display?
A) Secure
B) Anxious
C) Avoidant
D) Disorganized
Q3) Children who engage in repetitive movements that are not better accounted for by a physical disorder or another mental disorder are diagnoses with motor disorder.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Aging and Issues in Psychological Disorders
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging have shown that contrary to popular belief, _________ is indeed a problem among the elderly.
A) depression
B) eating disorders
C) alcohol abuse
D) pain disorder
Q2) Which of the following statements is an example of a time-of-measurement effect?
A) Today's older adults are less likely to seek mental health services because when they were growing up, mental illness was stigmatized.
B) Because exercise has become widely promoted in the media, many older adults are now exercising and thus are healthier than was predicted by earlier measures of their physical well-being.
C) Because of the effects of aging on the brain, older adults do less well than younger adults on measures of "fluid" intelligence.
D) In a longitudinal study, many of the elderly subjects died before the follow-up data was collected.
Q3) What are the three different types of dementia and how do they differ from each other?
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18
Chapter 17: Outcomes And Issues In Psychological Intervention
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Therapists who practice compassion focused therapy:
A) Model compassion focused self-talk
B) Stress the importance of accepting others as they are
C) Encourage empathic behaviour
D) Display a compassionate approach to self and client
Q2) Desensitization is appropriate to use for all cases of anxiety and fear.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term "The Dodo Bird Effect" derives from the famous book:
A) The Wind in the Willows
B) Alice in Wonderland
C) The Lord of the Flies
D) One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest
Q4) The dodo bird effect refers to various therapies leading to similar outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Q6) If a person is not motivated to change, therapy cannot help them.
A)True
B)False Page 19
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Chapter 18: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Confidentiality and privileged communication can be distinguished in that only privileged communication legally protects individuals from:
A) Being judged dangerous based on what they said.
B) Unethical practices of the therapist.
C) Having what they said revealed in court.
D) Being sued by the therapist for their statements.
Q2) Which of the following landmark cases led to the stipulation that "wrong" means legally and morally wrong?
A) Regina vs. M'Naghten
B) Regina vs. Swain
C) Regina vs. Chaulk
D) Regina vs. Oommen
Q3) Stigma associated with mental illness can act as a(n) ____ factor in workplace discrimination.
A) Approximate
B) Distal
C) Formative
D) Summative
Q4) How has human research changed in recent years to conform to ethical guidelines?
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