Counseling Across the Lifespan Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Counseling Across the Lifespan explores the unique developmental, cultural, and psychological needs of individuals at various life stages, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood and older age. This course examines theories and approaches to counseling that address transitions, challenges, and milestones individuals face as they age. Students will learn evidence-based assessment and intervention strategies tailored to diverse populations and gain practical skills for providing effective counseling across different contexts and stages of life. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, cultural competence, and understanding the impact of life events on mental health and well-being.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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532 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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Q1) Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between periods of relative stability and periods of disequilibrium are called A)incremental models.
B)stage models.
C)multidimensional model.
D)information-processing models.
Answer: B
Q2) Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal influences,both from within the person and from the external environment are called A)incremental models.
B)stage models.
C)multidimensional models.
D)information-processing models.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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Q1) For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders,like alcoholism and clinical depression,the genetic contribution can best be described as
A)the result of a pair of recessive,defective genes.
B)the result of a dominant,defective gene.
C)the result of a single gene mutation.
D)polygenic.
Answer: D
Q2) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis)plays a significant role in A)the human response to stress.
B)X-linked recessive diseases.
C)determining the sex of a fetus.
D)determining eye color.
Answer: A
Q3) Complete the following analogy: geneotype is to phenotype as A)gene is to chromosome
B)DNA is to RNA
C)code is to expression
D)night is to day
Answer: C
4
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Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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Q1) What does the research on symbolic artifacts discussed in this chapter suggest about how children's cognition develops? ,
Answer: A symbolic artifact is an analogical symbol,such as a picture or map,which stands for something other than itself.The dual nature of symbolic artifacts is problematic for young children.Symbolic artifacts are both concrete things themselves and symbols for other things.Research shows that young children often have difficulty holding more than one idea in mind simultaneously.In one study,researchers found that children's understanding of pictures reveals that if a picture is realistic,like a photograph,9-month-olds try to pick up on the objects in the picture.Eighteen-month-olds are indifferent to whether a picture is right side up or upside down.Even two-year-olds have difficulties choosing which picture represents a real object.The inability to process symbolic artifacts helps us to understand why young preschoolers struggle with tasks like watching television characters and dealing with scale models or miniature dolls in research studies.
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Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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Q1) Discuss at least three reasons why attachment theory and research has special significance for helping professionals.,
Q2) The term rhythmicity,in regard to infants,refers to
A)their ability to coordinate their actions,like looking and smiling,with those of a caregiver.
B)their tendency to sway in synchrony with music.
C)the production of cooing sounds in synchrony with music.
D)their biological regularity,as in how regularly they sleep or eat.
Q3) Beginning in the first hours after birth,caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention,such as
A)smiling,affectionate touching,and high-pitched vocalizations.
B)keeping a still face to sooth the baby.
C)responding promptly to the baby's cries.
D)Playing peek-a-boo with the baby.
Q4) If attachment quality can change over time as caretaking quality changes,explain the significance of infant's attachments to their caregivers.,
Q5) Discuss the possible role of maternal depression in the development of emotion regulation in infants.,
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Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Q1) Annette is a warm and affectionate mother to her sons,Jason and Keith.When she comes home from her job,she likes to spend time playing with them,preparing their favorite foods,and watching TV with them.She describes herself as a "soft touch" when it comes to her children.Lately she has been hearing complaints about 6-year-old Jason's behavior in school.Annette thinks the teacher is being too hard on her son.She does not want anything to affect the good relationship she has with her children.Which style best describes Annette's parenting?
A)Authoritarian.
B)Authoritative.
C)Permissive.
D)Neglecting-uninvolved.
Q2) Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person?
A)Anger.
B)Guilt.
C)Fear.
D)Disgust.
Q3) Describe the way social referencing might explain the acquisition of certain fears in children.Page 173)
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Both Sam and Suzanna,age 11,are having trouble making friends.A counselor assesses each of them for social interactive skills and discovers that Sam has poor perspective-taking skills for his age.Suzanna actually has good perspective-taking skills,but she fails to use these skills effectively when interacting with others.In Selman's terms,these two children show different levels of ____________ but similar levels of
A)other-transforming strategies / self-transforming strategies
B)competence / performance
C)self-transforming strategies / other-transforming strategies
D)performance / competence
Q2) Kuhn 2000)wrote that "to study memories is to study much of cognition and cognitive development." Explain this statement,using examples of the factors which contribute to memory improvement with age to illustrate your points.,
Q3) Our knowledge of an event in our own lives,such as a family vacation,is a type of
A)episodic knowledge.
B)semantic knowledge.
C)nondeclarative knowledge.
D)procedural knowledge.
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) Should character education be taught in school? Identify the pros and cons of this strategy.,
Q2) Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5<sup>th</sup> grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-concept is most accurate?
A)Tim's self-concept is low because thinks poorly of himself in math.
B)Tim's self-concept is high because he thinks he is good in athletics.
C)Tim's self-concept reflects some understanding of his strengths and weaknesses.
D)Tim's self-concept is undifferentiated because of his age.
Q3) Individuals with high levels of self-esteem would be more likely than those with low self-esteem to
A)obey authority figures.
B)try to be liked by members of a peer group.
C)be assertive about expressing something they believe in.
D)have higher levels of moral reasoning.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.,
Q2) A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.
A)positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations
B)positive nominations / negative nominations
C)neutral nominations / positive nominations
D)peer evaluations / teacher evaluations
Q3) The term degrouping refers to
A)a strategy for solving math problems that boys often learn but girls do not.
B)a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to become less important to peer interactions.
C)a therapeutic intervention which requires children or adolescents to mix with members of a different crowd from their usual one.
D)the rejection of a crowd member for violating the norms of the group.
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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Q1) Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education.So far,his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program,the course of study he intends to pursue.He also works part time as a youth counselor,a job he really likes.He is considering changing his major to education.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity?
A)Diffusion.
B)Moratorium.
C)Foreclosed.
D)Achieved.
Q2) What does Savin-Williams 2005)argue about the nature of sexual orientation?
A)Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens.
B)Sexual orientation is determined in utero.
C)Sexual orientation is determined earlier for boys than for girls.
D)Homosexuality might be fostered if children have homosexual teachers.
Q3) Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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Q1) The dimension of parenting style called parental responsiveness can usefully be broken down into two characteristics: acceptance affection,involvement,concern)and
A)monitoring.
B)authority.
C)democracy.
D)skepticism.
Q2) When Marla,age 14,decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English,she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation.
A)attribute substitution with peers
B)normative crisis management with peers
C)emotional autonomy from peers
D)social comparison with peers
Q3) Describe and explain three main reasons that adolescents engage in reckless behavior.Be sure to define your terms.,
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults
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Q1) List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid in their decision-making.Give examples of each.,
Q2) Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called A)youth.
B)emerging adulthood.
C)early adulthood.
D)young adulthood.
Q3) Agnes and Paul,both 19 years of age,got married right after their high school graduation in 1945.Their first child was born a year later,when they were 20.Agnes,like most other young women she knew,stayed home to raise her children and take care of the home.Paul found a good job at a nearby food processing plant.Given their generation,which of the following best defines this couple's stage of life at the age of 20?
A)Agnes and Paul were enmeshed adults because they were still relatively young and not completely autonomous.
B)Agnes and Paul were adults because they were married and had a child.
C)Agnes and Paul were not adults because they were not 21 years of age.
D)Agnes and Paul belong in the category called "youth," because they continued to explore possibilities.
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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Q1) Attachment theory,originally formulated to explain infant-caregiver relationships,has been applied to understanding adult-adult relationships.Outline three ways in which this application can be useful to helping professionals.,
Q2) According to research on adult partner selection,secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners.
A)avoidant
B)anxious-ambivalent
C)secure
D)insecure
Q3) When Ms.S completed the attachment interview assessing her own relationship to her early caregivers,she provided answers that were coherent and collaborative,and she acknowledged the importance of attachment-related experiences in her development.Her attachment status would most likely be categorized as A)autonomous.
B)dismissing.
C)preoccupied.
D)unresolved.
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Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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Q1) Peggy,a 62-year-old woman,has been unable to work for the past year because of a back injury that she sustained at her job as a cafeteria worker.Her adult son,Brian,lives close enough for her to babysit his two young children on a regular basis.Peggy's daughter,Linda,lives in another part of the state and recently had a new baby boy named Luke.Linda has asked her mother to move in with her to help care for her newborn.Based upon the life span development model,for which of the following individuals is regulation of loss the primary mode of adaptation?
A)Peggy.
B)Luke.
C)Brian.
D)Linda.
Q2) Which of the following assumptions distinguishes life span developmental approaches to human development from other developmental approaches?
A)Development is shaped by the interplay of nature and nurture.
B)Cultural influences are more important in adult development than in child development.
C)Development across the life span is primarily a process of unfolding maturation.
D)Developmental processes are not completed when a person reaches adulthood.
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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Q1) The two types of stress management presented by Lazarus and Folkman are
A)problem-focused and emotion-focused.
B)one-dimensional and two-dimensional.
C)management and reduction.
D)sensitizing and blunting.
Q2) Marquita sees the universe as a product of intelligent planning.She believes that the creation of the universe,of life,and of human beings has a purpose even if that purpose is not accessible to her.Marquita's philosophy of the universe and its underlying plan is an example of
A)situational meaning.
B)global meaning.
C)eudaemonic well-being.
D)psychological well-being.
Q3) The happiest people have excellent social relationships.This is because
A)social relationships are an important source of life stress.
B)happy people are more likely to successfully make friends.
C)they delude themselves into believing they are happy and that others like them.
D)neurotic people are generally less happy.
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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Q1) In self-determination theory,which of the following is considered one of the basic psychological needs that motivates our adaptation or coping efforts at any age?
A)Autonomy.
B)Optimization.
C)Avoidance.
D)Generativity.
Q2) Henry,at 79,has always enjoyed relatively good health.However,he has recently begun feeling like he is slowing down and has reported to his doctor that he is doing poorly,although his doctor can find no specific cause.When Henry participated in a research study at a local university where his intellectual functioning was tested,his score had dropped dramatically since his last testing session a year earlier.Henry has the signs of
A)diabetes.
B)terminal decline.
C)osteoarthritis.
D)double effect.
Q3) What is a dual-process model of the grief process? Explain why the available research indicates that a complex model of this sort is needed.Page 588)
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