Counseling Across the Lifespan Final Exam
Course Introduction
Counseling Across the Lifespan explores the theories, models, and practical approaches for providing effective counseling interventions to individuals at various stages of life, from childhood through older adulthood. The course examines developmental milestones, cultural and societal influences, and common issues encountered during different life phases. Students will learn to assess client needs within these contexts and develop age-appropriate strategies for helping clients navigate transitions, challenges, and personal growth opportunities. Emphasis is placed on understanding diversity, ethical considerations, and the adaptation of counseling techniques to support well-being across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2482 Verified Questions
2482 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children.Dr.Anderson should use a(n)__________ design.
A) structured
B) observational C) correlational
D) experimental
Answer: D
Q2) A major strength of the clinical interview is that it __________.
A) makes comparing individuals' responses very easy
B) can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period C) is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group
D) allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a family history of intellectual disabilities,psychological disorders,physical defects,or inherited diseases exists,a genetic counselor prepares a __________,which identifies affected relatives in a couple's family tree.
A) pedigree
B) carrier detector
C) prenatal diagnosis
D) genetic diagnosis
Answer: A
Q2) In dominant-recessive inheritance,the one allele that affects the child's characteristics is called __________.
A) dominant-recessive
B) dominant
C) recessive
D) a carrier
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The force of blood flowing through the __________ keeps it firm.
A) amnion
B) umbilical cord
C) yolk sac
D) embryonic disk
Answer: B
Q2) Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?
A) Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.
B) The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
C) The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
D) The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.
Answer: B
Q3) __________ supplementation early in pregnancy reduces the risk of abnormalities of the neural tube,the circulatory system,and the urinary tract.
A) Vitamin A
B) Folic acid
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin C
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mother is most likely to actively discourage her infant's gross-motor progress?
A) Elyse, a Canadian mother
B) Indira, a West Indian mother
C) Biyaki, a Gusii mother
D) Cheruiyot, a Kipsigis mother
Q2) The best estimate of a child's physical maturity is __________.
A) chronological age
B) skeletal age
C) birth weight
D) arm span
Q3) If learning has occurred in classical conditioning,and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response,the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.
A) neutral response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) reinforcer
Q4) Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.
Q5) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The video deficit effect __________.
A) increases around age 3
B) is strongest when toddlers view interactive videos
C) declines around age 2½
D) is strongest when videos are rich in social cues
Q2) Which of the following is a toddler most likely to say?
A) "Cookie eat."
B) "Go car."
C) "Ball my."
D) "Walk I."
Q3) Research examining the language competence of deaf adults found that __________.
A) sign language can be learned equally well at any age
B) childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition
C) those who learned ASL in adulthood were the most proficient
D) there is no sensitive period for language acquisition
Q4) The IQs of 96 percent of individuals fall between __________ and __________.
A) 60; 100
B) 70; 130
C) 85; 110
D) 100; 140
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ affect(s)the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become a fearful child.
A) Birth order
B) Socioeconomic status
C) Child-rearing practices
D) Genetic makeup alone
Q2) Define temperament.Describe the difficult child,according to Thomas and Chess.Why has the difficult pattern sparked the most research interest?
Q3) In the United States,nearly 80 percent of children grow up __________.
A) in low-income households
B) in single-parent families
C) with at least one sibling
D) with two working parents
Q4) Like anger,fear __________.
A) is less intense than sadness
B) decreases in intensity and frequency with age
C) occurs less frequently in the second half of the first year
D) rises from the second half of the first year into the second year
Q5) Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Follow-up research indicates that __________.
A) Piaget was partly wrong and partly right about young children's cognitive capacities
B) preschoolers' category systems are more complex than those of older children and adults
C) young children have difficulty with class inclusion problems because they cannot organize into nested categories
D) preschoolers rely on faulty logic to solve problems, even when given simplified tasks based on familiar experiences
Q2) When asked,"How many are there?" 5-year-old Kara correctly counts nine gummy bears.She tells her teacher there are nine bears because she knows that the last number in the counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set.Kara has a grasp of
A) chronological order
B) addition
C) cardinality
D) interactive mathematics
Q3) Describe the benefits of make-believe play.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Healthy Families America __________.
A) has not been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment
B) offers self-help group meetings for child-abusing parents
C) provides three years of home visitation for families identified as at risk for maltreatment
D) is not effective in preventing child abuse because it is aimed at the child, not the parents
Q2) Gender __________ theory is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features.
A) typing
B) schema
C) constancy
D) identity
Q3) Uninvolved parenting __________.
A) involves psychological control
B) is warm and accepting but inattentive
C) is, at its extreme, a form of child neglect
D) promotes maturity in children of diverse temperaments
Q4) Discuss direct and indirect parental influences on early peer relations.
Q5) Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ms.Dockery believes that from the beginning,children should be exposed to text in its complete form-stories,poems,letters,posters,and lists.She feels that as long as reading is kept whole and meaningful,children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.Ms.Dockery supports the __________ approach to teaching beginning reading. A) phonics
B) look and say
C) basal
D) whole-language
Q2) Which statement is true about African-American English?
A) It is a deficient form of standard American English.
B) It is a simple dialect with few governing rules.
C) Many children learn to flexibly shift between African-American English and standard English by third grade.
D) Children who continue to speak mostly African-American English generally progress quickly in reading.
Q3) Discuss the development of planning on multistep tasks in middle childhood.
Q4) Discuss the impact of culture and schooling on the development of concrete operational thought.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women who were sexually abused are likely to __________.
A) engage in authoritative parenting
B) show no long-term psychological damage
C) choose partners who abuse them and their children
D) maintain a close, long-term relationship with the perpetrator
Q2) Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for __________.
A) noncustodial fathers
B) mothers of young children
C) custodial fathers
D) mothers of school-age children
Q3) During middle childhood,__________.
A) fathers engage in as much caregiving as mothers
B) fathers spend more time than mothers with school-age children
C) both parents spend more time with girls than with boys
D) both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex
Q4) Discuss the influences of culture,gender,and ethnicity on self-esteem in middle childhood.
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Q5) Describe development in middle childhood of only children in the United States and China.
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many gay men and lesbians say that they first sensed their biologically determined sexual orientation between ages __________,when they discovered __________.
A) 3 and 6; a preference for their same-sex parent
B) 3 and 6; a preference for quiet activities and hobbies
C) 6 and 12; their play interests were more like those of the other gender
D) 6 and 12; strong physical attraction to members of the same sex
Q2) Early-maturing European-American girls tend to report a __________.
A) positive attitude about their physical appearance
B) less positive body image than their on-time agemates
C) more positive body image than their late-maturing agemates
D) more positive body image than early-maturing boys
Q3) Which college student is the most likely to show improvements in propositional thought?
A) Cedric, who took a history course
B) Dong, who took an art course
C) Cali, who took a science course
D) Lakenya, who took a writing course
Q4) What is the role of heredity in sexual orientation?
Q5) Discuss motor development and physical activity in adolescence.
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The suicide rate is low in __________,intermediate in __________,and high in
A) Spain; the United States; Finland
B) Canada; Italy; Singapore
C) New Zealand; Australia; the United States
D) Japan; Spain; the United States
Q2) __________ attempt suicide three times as often as other adolescents.
A) African-American boys
B) Sexual minority youths
C) Asian Americans
D) Heterosexual boys
Q3) In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers,those who emphasized __________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service.
A) moral traits and goals
B) involvement in sports
C) individualism
D) justice-based reasoning
Q4) Describe Carol Gilligan's theory regarding the morality of girls and women.Are her claims supported by current research?
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Saturated fat __________.
A) is found in corn, soybean, and safflower oils
B) generally comes from meat and dairy products
C) is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease mortality
D) should make up 30 percent of total caloric intake
Q2) Colleges that __________ have a higher percentage of dropouts.
A) have less selective admissions requirements
B) offer support services for high-risk students
C) generously fund student services
D) place students in developmental courses
Q3) Alcohol and drug use peaks among U.S.__________ and then declines steadily with age.
A) 14- to 18-year-olds
B) 19- to 25-year-olds
C) 26- to 30-year-olds
D) 31- to 35-year-olds
Q4) Describe the federal government's guidelines for dietary fat.How does the consumption of fat impact adult nutrition?
Q5) Briefly describe the psychological impact of attending college.
Q6) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood? Page 15
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After marriage,other-sex friendships __________.
A) increase for both sexes
B) continue to increase for men
C) continue to increase for women
D) are rare for both sexes
Q2) American cohabiters typically marry __________.
A) to legalize their relationship
B) for the sake of children
C) to affirm their love and commitment
D) within two years
Q3) Which individual is the most likely to establish early residential independence?
A) Peyton, who attends a local community college
B) Zahara, who works part-time and does not go to college
C) Makayla, whose parents are divorced and combative
D) Garland, whose parents just celebrated their 25th anniversary
Q4) Typical young adults living at home in the United States today __________.
A) contribute to the family economy
B) are financially dependent on their parents
C) receive government support
D) work full-time
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Middle-aged college students __________.
A) simply reinforce negative stereotypes of aging
B) are outperformed by younger students academically
C) require more assistance than their younger classmates
D) provide valuable intergenerational contact
Q2) Current evidence pinpoints __________ as a "toxic" ingredient of the Type A behavior pattern.
A) competitiveness
B) hostility
C) ambition
D) impatience
Q3) With regard to scientific knowledge,Ross has an extensive,highly organized,and integrated knowledge base that can be used to support a high level of performance.Ross has __________ in science.
A) expertise
B) intuition
C) metacognitive knowledge
D) emotional intelligence
Q4) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
Q5) Discuss the changes that the skin undergoes during the aging process.
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true about grandparents?
A) Grandparents who take full responsibility for young children rarely experience emotional strain.
B) Relationships with daughters- or sons-in-law strongly affect the closeness of grandchild ties.
C) In higher-income families, grandparents are more likely to perform essential activities.
D) Grandfathers report higher satisfaction with the grandparent role than grandmothers.
Q2) Which individual likely provides the most direct care and financial support to aging parents?
A) Beth, a wealthy European-American woman
B) Luther, a low-income African-American man
C) Veronica, a middle-income African-American woman
D) Rex, a low-income European-American man
Q3) A wealth of earlier studies reported __________ in midlife.
A) an increase of masculine traits in men
B) a decrease of masculine traits in women
C) an increase of feminine traits in women
D) increased androgyny in men and women
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true about Alzheimer's disease?
A) By 2030, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's is expected to be cut in half.
B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates.
C) Among the early symptoms of the disease are tremors, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression, and stooped posture.
D) Alzheimer's accounts for about one-quarter of all dementia cases, though at older ages, the percentage declines.
Q2) An accelerating falloff in cognitive performance or in emotional investment in life is __________.
A) unusual in healthy older adults
B) a sign of loss of vitality and impending death
C) expected in adults soon after age 100
D) due to disuse of skills rather than biological aging
Q3) What is the reminiscence bump? Why are adolescent and early adulthood experiences retrieved more readily than those of middle adulthood?
Q4) What are primary and secondary aging? How do they differ?
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ aging reflects the reality that aging well involves not only achievement of desirable outcomes but also effective coping with life's challenges and losses.
A) Optimal
B) Successful
C) Peerless
D) Capital
Q2) Overwhelmingly,aging adults in Western nations __________.
A) relocate to live closer to children
B) move to more temperate climates
C) remain living in or near their old home
D) relocate to pursue leisure interests
Q3) Mr.Suko is 80 years old.He is argumentative,bitter,and regretful.He has a tendency to blame others for his personal failures.According to Erikson,Mr.Suko's behavior disguises
A) fear
B) mistrust
C) isolation
D) self-contempt
Q4) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Death __________.
A) is signified by a loss of heartbeat and respiration
B) happens at a single point in time and is the same from person to person
C) is a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person
D) has a universally accepted definition: cessation of all activity in the brain and the brain stem
Q2) Mr.Frankel is dying.According to Kübler-Ross,Mr.Frankel's recognition that time is short and that he will not have a chance to do all he wants to do may promote which of the five typical responses to the prospect of death?
A) denial
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) acceptance
Q3) __________ are the most challenging death subconcepts for most young children.
A) Universality and finality
B) Nonfunctionality and applicability
C) Applicability and causation
D) Finality and causation
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