Counseling across the Lifespan Exam Review
Course Introduction
Counseling across the Lifespan explores the theories, processes, and skills necessary for effective counseling with individuals at various stages of development, from childhood through older adulthood. The course examines how developmental, cultural, and environmental factors influence psychological needs and challenges at each life stage. Students will gain an understanding of age-appropriate interventions, ethical considerations, and the unique concerns presented in counseling children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Emphasis is placed on building practical skills to adapt counseling approaches to diverse populations across the human lifespan.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Life Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock
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17 Chapters
2255 Verified Questions
2255 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.
A) intimacy versus isolation
B) integrity versus despair
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority
Answer: A
Q2) When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.
A) normative age-graded
B) normative generational
C) nonnormative life
D) normative history-graded
Answer: C
Q3) Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:
A) start at conception and continue until adulthood.
B) start at birth and end at death.
C) span from conception to death.
D) start at birth and continue through adulthood.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.
A) susceptibility gene
B) vulnerability gene
C) longevity gene
D) mutated gene
Answer: D
Q2) _____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
A) Passive genotype-environment
B) Evocative genotype-environment
C) Influential genotype-environment
D) Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
Answer: B
Q3) Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat.
Answer: Adaptive behavior
Q4) A complex molecule, with a double helix shape, that contains genetic information. Answer: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Chapter 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
A) Sensation
B) Perception
C) Reception
D) Transition
Answer: A
Q2) _____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
A) Adaptation
B) Accommodation
C) Assimilation
D) Application
Answer: B
Q3) In the "sticky mittens" research project, it was found that:
A) the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.
B) the infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster.
C) both groups developed grasping skills at the same pace.
D) the group without mittens developed better object manipulation skills.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following, which would be a good example of scaffolding?
A) Child-directed speech
B) Strange situation
C) A game of peek-a-boo
D) Social referencing
Q2) Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas & Chess, he would be classified as:
A) easy child.
B) difficult child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) slow child.
Q3) In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then, continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as _____.
A) securely attached
B) insecure disorganized
C) insecure resistant
D) insecure avoidant
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Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Piaget, in the _____ stage, the young child's cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.
A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
Q2) This researcher showed that when the child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.
Q3) Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of the "-ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.
A) phonological
B) morphological
C) pragmatic
D) syntactic
Q4) A cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.
Q5) Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span.
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
A) Pretense/symbolic
B) Practice
C) Social
D) Sensorimotor
Q2) Which of the following statements about higher-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures is true?
A) Higher-SES parents are more likely to use physical punishment in disciplining their children.
B) Higher-SES parents are less likely to use physical punishment.
C) Higher-SES parents are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations.
D) Higher-SES parents are more directive and less conversational with their children.
Q3) Name and briefly describe the two stages of moral reasoning in children as identified by Jean Piaget; provide an example of each.
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age.
A) 3 to 5
B) 5 to 7
C) 7 to 11
D) 10 to 13
Q2) Which of the following statements represents the current thinking among increasing numbers of experts in the field of reading?
A) Direct instruction in the whole-language approach is a key aspect of learning to read.
B) Direct instruction in phonics is a key aspect of learning to read.
C) The whole-language approach and the phonics approach are equally effective in teaching children to read.
D) The morphological approach has been shown to be the best way to teach reading.
Q3) If we look at Madeline's mental age and divided it by her chronological age, and then multiply it by 100, we are calculating her _____.
Q4) Discuss what Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) does.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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141 Verified Questions
141 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the concept of androgyny and give an example of a person who is androgynous.
Q2) Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.
A) sibling interaction
B) peer interaction
C) parental influence
D) teacher influence
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an argument against statewide standardized tests?
A) Neglect of students who are gifted in favor of raising the overall achievement of other students
B) Rote memorization
C) Teaching to the test
D) Too much focus on developing the students' thinking skills
Q4) Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's _____.
A) self-control
B) self-concept
C) self-efficacy
D) self-esteem
10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa?
A) Higher than average body weight
B) Higher than average height
C) A distorted image of the body shape
D) A constant need to consume food
Q2) Bulimia nervosa typically begins in:
A) late adulthood.
B) childhood.
C) late adolescence or early adulthood.
D) early- to mid-adolescence.
Q3) The abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in the adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability.
A) passive operational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) conventional reasoning
Q4) A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during adolescence.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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139 Verified Questions
139 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Delinquency caseloads involving females increased from _____ percent in 1985 to _____ percent in 2005.
A) 19; 27
B) 10; 20
C) 40; 50
D) 30; 50
Q2) Which of the following groups has disproportionately high delinquency rates?
A) White female adolescents
B) White male adolescents
C) High-socioeconomic-status youth
D) Lower-socioeconomic-status youth
Q3) The self-portrait composed of many pieces.
Q4) Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is present but commitment is absent?
A) Identity diffusion
B) Identity foreclosure
C) Identity moratorium
D) Identity achievement
Q5) A personal investment in identity.
Q6) Explain the concept of psychosocial moratorium.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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140 Verified Questions
140 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a form of sexual harassment?
A) Coercive sexual activity
B) Inappropriate sexual remarks
C) Physical, non-sexual assault
D) Consensual flirtation
Q2) College programs that offer paid apprenticeships in the area of the student's academic field.
Q3) Marie is reluctant to marry since she is worried that her husband might cheat on her. You would tell her that adultery is:
A) widespread in the U.S.
B) a problem in almost half the marriages in the U.S.
C) clearly the exception rather than the rule.
D) a problem most married couples in the U.S. have faced at some point or the other.
Q4) List the five key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett as characterizing emerging adulthood.
Q5) What is postformal thought like in practice?
Q6) According to psychologist Laura Brown, how can lesbians and gay males adapt to a world in which they are a minority?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?
A) Passion
B) Infatuation
C) Romantic love
D) Affectionate love
Q2) The early stages of love have more _____ love ingredients.
A) romantic
B) companionate
C) passionate
D) consummate
Q3) If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.
A) romantic
B) fatuous
C) affectionate
D) consummate
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A kind of (adult) intelligence that consists of one's ability to reason abstractly.
Q2) Silas is a man who is in his late 70's. He has a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance. Otherwise known as:
A) diabetic neuropathy
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) internal atrophy.
D) neurodegeneration.
Q3) According to cognitive aging expert Denise Park, the slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in:
A) dopamine levels.
B) working memory.
C) cognitive atrophy.
D) neurotransmitter dysfunctions.
Q4) Which of the following statements about bone density is true?
A) Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence.
B) Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.
C) Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the fifties.
D) The rate of bone density loss begins fast and then decelerates.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and discuss the seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial life-span development perspective. Provide examples to illustrate your point.
Q2) Describe the advantages that middle-aged women in nonindustrialized societies may experience.
Q3) Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves:
A) physical health.
B) positive relationships.
C) recovery from midlife crisis.
D) better financial situation.
Q4) Most research studies indicate that the greatest change in personality traits occurs in:
A) midlife.
B) late midlife.
C) late adulthood.
D) early adulthood.
Q5) The main reasons the middle-aged and older men cited for their divorce.
Q6) This theorist proposed that middle-aged adults faced the significant issue of generativity versus stagnation.
Page 16
Q7) Explain the contemporary life-events approach to development.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the three major diseases that can impair the vision of older adults?
A) Myopia
B) Cataract
C) Glaucoma
D) Macular degeneration
Q2) The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called _____ memory.
A) episodic
B) prospective
C) source
D) semantic
Q3) Frank, age 67, recites a poem that he learned in grade school, much to the amazement of his grandchildren. This is an example of Frank's _____ memory.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) functional
Q4) What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Late
Adulthood
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96 Verified Questions
96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in:
A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.
Q2) Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of:
A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) activity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.
Q3) In 2008, almost _____as many U.S. women 65 years and older lived in poverty as did their male counterparts.
A) half
B) four times
C) thrice
D) twice
Q4) What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?
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Chapter 17: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following organizations created a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning?
A) Death Wish Commune
B) Choice in Dying
C) Euthanasia Undertaking
D) Death Drive Pact
Q2) Van Alphen, Donker, & Marquet reported that in the Netherlands, _____ was found to be main reason for requests for active euthanasia.
A) pain
B) depression
C) anger
D) acceptance of death
Q3) A document that states such preferences as whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent.
Q4) Define grief and discuss its major dimensions.
Q5) What are the advantages of letting dying individuals know that they are dying?
Q6) What is an advance directive?
Q7) Describe Kubler-Ross' last stage of dying.
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