Corrections in America
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of the corrections system in the United States, examining its historical development, current practices, and the challenges it faces today. Students will explore the philosophies behind punishment and rehabilitation, the structure and function of jails and prisons, the roles of probation and parole, and the impact of policies and reform movements on the incarceration rate. The course also analyzes issues such as inmate rights, reentry and recidivism, privatization of correctional facilities, and the social, economic, and political implications of the American correctional system.
Recommended Textbook
The American System of Criminal Justice 16th Edition by George F. Cole
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17 Chapters
2137 Verified Questions
2137 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Crime and Justice in America
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125 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,which of the following groups favors stricter enforcement of the law?
A)Liberals
B)Conservatives
C)Moderates
D)Anarchists
Answer: B
Q2) Men in the 32-36 age cohort are the most crime-prone.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The term referring to the idea that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is
A)unspoken crime.
B)dark figure of crime.
C)token crime.
D)invisible crime.
Answer: B
Q4) Crimes that are wrong by nature are called ____________________.
Answer: mala in se
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Chapter 2: Victimization and Criminal Behavior
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Christina is a single mother of two children.She grew up in a home filled with violence.Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as Christina entered her teen years.Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four years old.She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised as she was.Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter.She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for a man.Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and illegal drugs.She started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit but was arrested by an undercover officer.She is currently serving a six-year prison sentence. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because she does not have
A)equality.
B)transition.
C)financial gain.
D)structure.
Answer: A
Q2) Most theories about crime focus on both the poor and the wealthy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Criminal Justice System
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The person who is the "key link between the police and the courts" because s/he considers the facts of the case and decides whether there is probable cause to believe an offense was committed is the A)judge.
B)defense attorney.
C)parole officer.
D)prosecutor.
Answer: D
Q2) The State of Michigan v.Christopher Jones illustrated
A)the importance of selecting open-minded jurors.
B)the difficulties of proving guilt in a rape case.
C)the prosecutor's use of multiple charges to pressure defendants into pleading guilty.
D)that circumstantial evidence cannot be used to convict an offender.
Answer: C
Q3) A homicide that was committed as part of a convenience store robbery would most likely be in Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice "wedding cake."
Answer: 2 Two
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Chapter 4: Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Civil proceedings sometimes end in incarceration.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Entrapment occurs when a
A)police officer commits a crime.
B)citizen commits a crime in the presence of a police officer.
C)citizen knowingly violates the law.
D)police officer entices a citizen to commit a crime that he or she was not predisposed to commit.
Q3) Indigent defendants are those who pay for their own attorneys.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a necessary element in the definition of rape?
A)Physical evidence
B)Witnesses
C)Alcohol use
D)Force
Q5) What is the current ideological balance of the U.S.Supreme Court? What can cause it to change in the coming years?
Page 6
Q6) Judicial decisions guided by past cases are called ____________________.
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Chapter 5: Police
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sarah is the responding officer at a domestic violence call.Upon arrival,she is informed by the owner of the home that her ex-husband has violated a protective order and entered her home.He held a gun to her head and threatened to kill her if she did not allow him to move back into the home with her.There are two children in the home and the suspect has left the scene.This is the fourth time Sarah has responded to this call in the last two months. Sarah spends a good deal of her time stopping and investigating criminal acts -in other words,fulfilling which police function?
A)Law enforcement
B)Order maintenance
C)Service
D)Departmental
Q2) U.S.marshals were the officials who tried to bring law and order into the western territories after the Civil War.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The elites of society expect the service style of law enforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Prior to 1970,domestic violence was viewed as a(n)____________________ affair.
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Chapter 6: Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ and ____________________ are the two largest and most important units in a police department.
Q2) The performance of the police is not based solely on the types of people recruited; it is also shaped by their _______.
Q3) Half of police officers are minorities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In order to have a good rapport with the community,police officers must depend on the confidence they have in their patrol partners.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which police unit identifies,apprehends,and collects evidence against lawbreakers?
A)Traffic
B)Investigation
C)Juvenile
D)Administrative
Q6) Drug enforcement falls under the goal of _______ patrol.
Q7) What factors affect the kinds of friends police officers have?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement is a well-known accrediting agency.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There have been many protests against police use of violence in recent years.Should police limit the use of force? Defend your position.
Q3) The advancement of new technologies in police work can be found in A)body armor.
B)gunshot detection.
C)airport scanners.
D)All of these are correct.
Q4) A group of citizens that investigates behavior of police officers or a police department is known as a(n)____________________.
Q5) Which statement is false regarding what police experience when working in internal affairs?
A)They serve for a set period of about seven years.
B)They consider their work stressful.
C)They have difficulty maintaining relationships with other officers.
D)They typically receive full cooperation from other officers.
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Chapter 8: Police and Constitutional Law
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the plain view doctrine and the open fields doctrine.What is the key difference between them?
Q2) The Fourth Amendment contains the unreasonable search and seizure clause.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Officer Goldman responds to a call of an active shooter during a home invasion at a local residence.Officer Goldman arrives on the scene and quickly surveys the residence.He and his partner immediately enter the home and see the suspect,who is holding a semiautomatic rifle.They command the suspect to drop his weapon and the suspect complies.Officer Goldman arrests the suspect and searches him. After the suspect was taken into custody and the victims were taken to receive medical care,Officer Goldman's partners most likely would need to obtain a(n)_________ to collect all the remaining evidence to prosecute the case.
A)arrest warrant
B)search warrant
C)clearance waiver
D)consent waiver
Q4) Chief Justice ____________________ established the Miranda warnings.
Q5) The stop-and-frisk exception is considered a(n)____________________ search.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Courts and Pretrial Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Judge Karin has been a superior court judge for the past seven years.She was the first woman in her family to graduate college.She is running for reelection this year.Although she loves her job,she feels most of her time is spent maintaining the logistics of the courtroom.She would like to spend more time in the courtroom itself. Judge Karin works out a plea bargain on a manslaughter case,fulfilling her role as a(n) A)administrator.
B)negotiator.
C)adjudicator.
D)reconciler.
Q2) Very few efforts have been made to reform state courts in the twentieth century. A)True B)False
Q3) A written order or summons,issued by a law enforcement officer and often directing an alleged offender to appear in court at a specified time to answer a criminal charge,is called a
A)citation. B)summons.
C)warrant.
D)preventive assumption.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Prosecution and Defense
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123 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charges are not likely to be brought against offenders when victims
A)are upstanding members of society.
B)are not credible.
C)want the offender prosecuted.
D)are trustworthy.
Q2) Which is true about attorney competence?
A)The U.S.Supreme Court has ruled that defendants are entitled to adequate counsel.
B)Attorneys assigned to death penalty cases must have appropriate training.
C)The only attorneys allowed to serve on criminal cases must have degrees in criminal law.
D)The U.S.Supreme Court has not clearly defined what "competent" means.
Q3) ________ defense attorneys now handle up to 85% of the cases in many places.
A)Publicly funded
B)Retained counsel
C)Corporate
D)Federal
Q4) According to_________,indigents facing the death penalty who are not capable of representing themselves must be given attorneys.
Q5) The chief legal officer of the state is the _______.
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Chapter 11: Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the steps in plea bargaining?
Q2) In the past decade,the number of appeals has
A)increased at both the state and federal levels.
B)decreased at both the state and federal levels.
C)increased at the state level,but decreased at the federal level.
D)increased at the federal level,but decreased at the state level.
Q3) Trials are influenced by human processes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Although plea bargains were once banned in _______ cases,the process did not disappear.
Q5) Some defendants plead guilty even when they are innocent.
A)True
B)False
Q6) You are a prosecuting attorney on a high-profile case.Your client is accused of murdering her own children and then attempting suicide in order to "save us all" from constant physical and emotional abuse by her husband.Describe your role in the jury selection process in this case.What types of jurors will you be looking for? How will you ensure impartiality?
Q7) Describe the possible reasons that a defendant might have for filing an appeal. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Punishment and Sentencing
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a judge who believes in retribution and incapacitation.Before you is a case of manslaughter that occurred while the defendant was texting while driving.The defendant is 20 years old and a college student.You have total discretion in your sentencing.Write out your sentence and a statement to the defendant outlining the reasons for your sentence.
Q2) Roughly 70% of persons under correctional supervision are in prison.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A murderer with several convictions is likely to receive A)selective incapacitation.
B)restoration.
C)rehabilitation.
D)good time.
Q4) Felony cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in courts of ________.
Q5) _____ indicate to judges the expected sanctions for certain offenses.
Q6) A(n)_____ sentence is a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum number of months or years.Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range,allowing for special circumstances.
Q7) Misdemeanor or lower courts hear about _______% of criminal cases.
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Chapter 13: Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) A basic principle of the Pennsylvania System was an emphasis on social interaction among prisoners.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In recent years,the Supreme Court has decided many cases that expanded prisoners' rights.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following signaled a new round of reform in prisons by focusing on the moral regeneration of criminals as the goal of punishment?
A)Cincinnati Declaration of Principles
B)Declaration of Independence
C)New York Declaration of Prisons
D)Pennsylvania Declaration of Penology
Q4) Under the ______ system,inmates start with a number of points based on the severity of their crime,and can reduce their points with good behavior,labor,and educational achievement,thereby reducing their term.
Q5) Mempa v.Rhay (1967)concerned the right to counsel of _________.
Q6) Under the _____ system,inmates' labor was sold to private employers.
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Chapter 14: Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intermediate sanctions are administered by the courts only.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which statement is true about probation?
A)It is only used in combination with fines.
B)It is only used in combination with restitution.
C)It is only used in combination with community service.
D)It is used in combination with fines,restitution,and community service.
Q3) From 1995 to 2012,the number of Americans under community supervision grew from 3.7 million to
A)3.8 million.
B)4.8 million.
C)8.8 million.
D)12.8 million.
Q4) Using examples from the text,illustrate the positive attributes associated with probation.
Q5) Assets gained from forfeiture cannot be applied to the budgets of law enforcement agencies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Incarceration and Prison Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a federal legislator who wants to reform the way prisons are organized and you are preparing for a hearing on the issue next week.Write a speech that you will deliver to your colleagues explaining the history and purpose of U.S.prisons in the last 70 years and making your case for the most successful model.
Q2) The number of prisoners serving "natural life" sentences has tripled since 1992 and now comprises _______ of the prison population.
A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)25%
Q3) The factors of total power,rewards and punishments,exchange relationships,and inmate leadership
A)exist only in a few prisons.
B)exist only in state prisons.
C)exist only in federal prisons.
D)make prisons more difficult to govern than other institutions.
Q4) The percentage of women in prison ______ from 2003 to 2013.
Q5) Retribution is an aspect of the _______ model of incarceration.
Q6) _______ employees are the most numerous type of employees in prisons.
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Chapter 16: Reentry Into the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an inmate is released after serving time equal to the total sentence minus good time,this is called _____ release.
A)mandatory
B)discretionary
C)unconditional
D)community
Q2) ______ release occurs when a sentencing judge requires a period of post-custody supervision in the community.
Q3) Discretionary release is sometimes criticized for following judicial recommendations too closely.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which is not one of the three concepts on which parole rests?
A)Grace
B)Contract
C)Custody
D)Punishment
Q5) Mandatory release is when an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus any __________.
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Chapter 17: Juvenile Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on recent case law,is it appropriate that juveniles cannot receive life sentences without the chance of parole for non-homicide cases? Why or why not?
Q2) The process of screening children out of the system without a decision is called A)screening.
B)disposition.
C)diversion.
D)redirection.
Q3) Which is true about juvenile officers?
A)Juvenile officers are often former juvenile offenders themselves.
B)Juvenile officers are less knowledgeable about legal issues than other police officers.
C)Juvenile officers are sensitive to the needs of young offenders.
D)Juvenile officers have less discretion than regular officers in processing young offenders.
Q4) A(n)____ hearing is a hearing by the juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile should be detained or released prior to adjudication.
Q5) Juveniles who harass or intimidate other juveniles using cell phones,email,and the Internet are engaging in _____.
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