Corrections Ethics
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Corrections Ethics examines the moral principles, values, and dilemmas faced by professionals working within jails, prisons, probation, and related correctional environments. The course explores key ethical frameworks and applies them to situations such as the use of force, treatment of inmates, professional conduct, confidentiality, prisoners' rights, and the role of discretion. Students will analyze real-world case studies and legal guidelines to better understand the responsibilities and challenges of maintaining justice, fairness, and integrity in correctional settings. Emphasis is placed on developing ethical decision-making skills critical for a career in the field of corrections.
Recommended Textbook
Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock
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Chapter 1: Morality, ethics, and Human Behavior
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Q1) __________________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.
A) Applied
B) Normative
C) Professional
D) Conventional
Answer: B
Q2) Superogatories have to do with:
A) duties
B) virtues
C) laws
D) meta-ethics
Answer: A
Q3) We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly:
A) threatens nature
B) affects others
C) deviates from the norm
D) corrupts the social order
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Determining Moral Behavior
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Q1) The ______________________________ refers to the idea that one gives up one's right to be treated under the principles of respect for persons to the extent that one has abrogated someone else's rights.
Answer: principle of forfeiture
Q2) Discuss the one similarity among all religious systems presented in your text.
Answer: One similarity among all religious systems presented in my text is the belief in a higher power or a divine being. Regardless of the specific rituals, practices, or beliefs within each religion, they all share the fundamental concept of a supernatural force or entity that is revered and worshipped by its followers. This belief in a higher power serves as the foundation for the moral and ethical principles, as well as the spiritual practices, within each religious system. It is this common belief in a higher power that unites all religious traditions, despite their differences in theology and practice.
Q3) The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectedness,caring,and:
A) respect
B) mindfulness
C) fairness
D) equity
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Justice and Law
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Q1) Which type of justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law?
A) commutative
B) corrective
C) utilitarianism
D) distributive
Answer: B
Q2) _____________________ justice is concerns fairness in business dealing. Answer: Rectificatory
Q3) Which of the following statements is false?
A) The ethics of care is consistent with a Marxist theory of justice since both emphasize need.
B) Utilitarian theories try to maximize societal good, thus some balance of need and merit would be necessary to provide the incentive to produce.
C) Ethical formalism is concerned solely with rights, thus, issues of societal good may not be as important.
D) Rawls's theory is solely Kantian because it demands a basic level of individual rights.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Becoming an Ethical Professional
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Q1) Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true?
A) Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.
B) Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development.
C) Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical.
D) Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism.
Q2) According to Gilligan,men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What advice does Metz offer for leaders?
Q4) Theorists who view deviance as incomplete socialization have a perspective that is most consistent with learning theory
A)True
B)False
Q5) Kohlberg's seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: The Police Role in Society
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Q1) The first era of police professionalism began in the:
A) 1920s
B) 1930s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s
Q2) Informal police subculture may be breaking down because of police unions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cohen and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural law.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The public service paradigm of policing is consistent with utilitarianism.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Police Discretion and Dilemmas
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Q1) Police are required to divulge the name of the informant on affidavits for search warrants unless there is evidence that revealing the informant's identity would be dangerous.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Legal proscriptions on torture are based on the rationale that it is unethical.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define and describe what is meant by 'reactive investigations.' Give an example.
Q4) List and discuss the types of police lies described by Klockars.Give examples.
Q5) The term _______________ refers to a situation where an otherwise innocent person is enticed or encouraged by police to commit a crime.
Q6) There are two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred:
A) the primary and the secondary approaches
B) the objective and the subjective approaches
C) the before- and after-the-fact approaches
D) whether entrapment has occurred cannot be determined
Q7) List and discuss the three standards that accepted lies must meet.
Page 8
Q8) List and discuss Barker and Carter's typology of lies.
Q9) _______________________ thinking is a type of utilitarian thinking.
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Chapter 7: Police Corruption and Misconduct
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Q1) In the NYC study,it was found that women were much less likely than men to be fired for cause.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called:
A) blue gratuity
B) professional gift
C) professional courtesy
D) blue graft
Q3) According to the text,citizens from which country report trusting their police more any other professional group?
A) Denmark
B) Canada
C) Britain
D) Finland
Q4) List and describe various forms of law enforcement deviance presented in your text.
Q5) Compare and contrast 'grass eaters' and 'meat eaters.'
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Chapter 8: Law and Legal Professionals
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Q1) Which of the following is not a rule of legal paternalism?
A) Laws should protect children and other people whose decision-making ability is impaired.
B) Laws should restrict freedom only to the extent that is necessary to protect.
C) Laws should restrict only actions that can produce serious and irreversible harm.
D) Laws should allow private individuals to make decisions about private matters.
Q2) Durkheim's concept of ___________________ is based upon differences among people,as exemplified by the division of labor.
Q3) Lawrence v.Texas dealt with:
A) prostitution
B) pornography
C) homosexuality
D) pedophilia
Q4) Legal moralism refers to:
A) laws that protect children against their parents
B) laws that protect societal morals
C) laws that protect individual from hurting themselves
D) laws that guarantee the rights of the father
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Chapter 9: Discretion and Dilemmas in the Legal Profession
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Q1) In a pro se defense:
A) the defendant defends him or herself
B) the defendant is represented by one attorney only
C) the defendant does not enter a plea
D) the defendant is not able to stand trial
Q2) Aronson discusses two methods for resolving ethical dilemmas,the situation model and the:
A) rational model
B) bureaucratic model
C) general model
D) systems model
Q3) Defense attorneys cannot do anything when their client commits perjury.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Jacoby,Mellon,and Smith discuss various office policies that influence the prosecutors' decision making including all of the following except:
A) legal sufficiency
B) system efficiency
C) trial sufficiency
D) defendant sufficiency
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Ethical Misconduct in the Courts and Responses
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Q1) What are some of the reasons that people distrust the justice system?
Q2) Discuss the number of innocents who may be imprisoned.What are the sources for the estimates? What are the criticisms of the sources?
Q3) Discuss the seemingly contradictory ideal that to ensure the natural rights presented by natural law theorists there must be both less government involvement and more government involvement.
Q4) Explain the significance of the "Brady Motion" as it relates to prosecutors' misconduct.
Q5) Aronson and McMurtrie identified prosecutorial misconduct as "tunnel vision," arguing that:
A) an innocent suspect will always be considered guilty by the judge
B) truly innocent, law-abiding citizens do not get prosecuted
C) prosecutors work under a bias that defendants are guilty, therefore they ignore exculpatory evidence
D) prosecutors generally have a quota that they must fulfill
Q6) According to the Gallup poll,about a third of blacks believed that O.J.Simpson was not guilty.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Ethics of Punishments and Corrections
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Q1) Determinate sentencing is consistent with the just deserts model of justice.
A)True
B)False
Q2) R.Johnson's types of CO's include the:
A) white hat
B) counselor
C) enforcer
D) blue cap
Q3) A positive retribution:
A) demands that one who is guilty ought to be punished
B) allows that one who is guilty may be punished
C) dictates that one who is not guilty must not be punished for a crime
D) does not allow for atonement
Q4) Von Hirsch's conceptualization that the punishment of the individual should be purely retributive and balanced to the seriousness of the crime is embodied in the:
A) treatment model
B) justice model
C) incapacitation model
D) restitution model
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Chapter 12: Discretion and Dilemmas in Corrections
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Q1) Describe the CO's role ambiguity in the 1970s and 1980s.
Q2) The rehabilitative era took place in the 1980s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Souryal's typology,which type of probation and parole officers may violate professional ethics in not performing duties associated with the role?
A) punitive law enforcer
B) bureaucratic paper pusher
C) welfare/therapeutic practitioner
D) passive time server
Q4) Which of the following is not one of the types of officers identified by R.Johnson?
A) Counselors
B) Time-servers
C) The violence-prone
D) Physicians
Q5) Children of inmates are ______________ times more likely to be delinquent.
Q6) What are the two interests treatment staff have to balance? Give examples of some ethical concerns of treatment personnel.
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Chapter 13: Correctional Professionals: Misconduct and Responses
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Q1) What are some possible positive outcomes of adopting restorative justice programs?
Q2) A type of sexual harassment where sexual innuendos or joking makes the workplace so uncomfortable that the employee perceives it as harmful is referred to as
Q3) A strong anti-corruption policy should include screening of employees using state-of-the-art psychological tools.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Lack of responsiveness and failure to protect are examples which of the following three types of prison abuse identified by Bomse?
A) malicious or purposeful abuse
B) negligent abuse
C) systematic or budgetary abuse
D) intentional sexual abuse
Q5) List and discuss some management practices that have been found to contribute to an ethical workplace.
Q6) List and discuss the three types of prisoner abuse that Bomse identified.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Making Ethical Choices
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Q1) The deliberate,negligent,or reckless use of force against noncombatants,by state or non-state actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal process is called:
A) war
B) civil unrest
C) terrorism
D) self-defense
Q2) Renditions are:
A) interrogations
B) extraditions
C) kidnappings
D) treaty agreements
Q3) Neyroud and Beckley describe the police standards of the United Kingdom as reflecting an emphasis on:
A) law and order
B) retribution
C) human rights
D) punishment
Q4) Explain why "means-end" thinking leads to criminal actions.
Q5) What are some rights recognized by the United Nations and the European Union?
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