Corrections Administration
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Corrections Administration explores the principles, practices, and challenges involved in managing correctional institutions, including jails, prisons, and community-based correctional programs. The course examines organizational structures, leadership roles, policy development, budgeting, staff supervision, inmate management, and legal considerations. Students will analyze the impact of current trends such as rehabilitation, reentry programs, and technological advancements on the administration of corrections. Through case studies and discussions, the course prepares students to understand and address the complexities faced by administrators in modern correctional systems.
Recommended Textbook
American Corrections 11th Edition by Todd R. Clear
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Corrections System
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the authors, which system of government divides power between one national government and multiple state governments?
A) federalism
B) democracy
C) communism
D) capitalism
Answer: A
Q2) Jails
A)Houses people convicted of serious crimes
B)A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
C)Mutual transfer of resources
D)Workers who provide programs and services
E)Power between national and state government
F)Method of applying scientific knowledge
G)One of the goals of corrections
H)Common goals influenced by the environment
I)Conforms to the rules of society
J)Manages accused or convi
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Because punishment was considered a powerful general , authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.
Answer: deterrent
Q3) By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:
A) the governor.
B) the king.
C) correctional staff.
D) the victim.
Answer: C
Q4) Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.
Answer: civil
Q5) A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as
Answer: classical
4
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Chapter 3: The History of Corrections in America
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Q1) The ideas of inmate classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Separate confinement was first implemented in:
A) Eastern State Penitentiary.
B) Western State Penitentiary.
C) Auburn Penitentiary.
D) Walnut Street Jail.
Answer: D
Q3) The approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
A) Classical School
B) Positivist School
C) Progressive School
D) Neoclassical School
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Punishment of Offenders
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Sample Questions
Q1) With reference to time, rehabilitation is:
A) future-oriented.
B) present-oriented.
C) past-oriented.
D) both future- and past-oriented.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the major factors that influence judges' sentencing decisions?
A) role of the victim in the crime
B) offender's role in the commission of the crime
C) offender's criminal history
D) severity of the offense
Q3) Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment usually prescribe a(n):
A) determinate sentencing scheme.
B) indeterminate sentencing scheme.
C) mandatory sentencing scheme.
D) presumptive sentencing scheme.
Q4) assumes that society can remove an offender's capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.
Q5) The most frequently applied criminal sanction is .
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Law of Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Precedent
A)Noninterference policy
B)Rules created by judges
C)Legal rules regarding agency policies
D)Rules other judges follow with similar cases
E)Laws created by legislatures
F)Lists individual rights
G)Intervention towards an agreed resolution
H)Responsible for compensation of a plaintiff
I)Judicial order
J)Investigates public officials
Q2) List and explain three alternatives to litigation. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each. Which one do you think is most effective in maximum security prisons for men? For women? Please fully explain your answers.
Q3) The filing of a writ of habeas corpus is the legal action most commonly used by inmates to challenge prison and jail conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) refers to legal rules produced by judges' decisions.
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Chapter 6: The Correctional Client
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Q1) Due to prison overcrowding, correctional officials and parole boards believe that situational offenders are most appropriate for early release because they typically pose a minimal threat to the public.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Deinstitutionalization
A)Apply objective criteria to all prisoners
B)IQs of less than 70
C)Person who sees criminality as their life
D)Mental patient returns to the community
E)Julie Schenecker is one
F)Confined for life or until cured
G)Classification based on possible future criminal conduct
H)Classification based on appropriate correctional treatment
I)Classification based on seriousness of crime
J)Person who spends more than 10 years incarcerated
Q3) Every offender assigned to correction is unique; no two offenders are exactly alike.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Jails: Detention and Short Term Incarceration
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Sample Questions
Q1) By far the most successful alternative approach to bail is being released on one's own recognizance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) By far the most successful pretrial release program is:
A) unsecured bail.
B) percentage bail.
C) forfeit bail.
D) release on recognizance (ROR).
Q3) According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:
A) warehousing the surplus population of immigrants.
B) detention of those sentenced by the court.
C) to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
D) to inflict short-term punishment (e.g., corporal punishment) on the offender.
Q4) One of the most troubling trends in jails is the rate of incarceration for: A) Latinos.
B) blacks.
C) blacks
D) children.
Q5) A majority of inmates are under 35 years old, white, low income, and .
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Probation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A probation officer faces role conflict every day around:
A) the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender.
B) the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
C) personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job.
D) investments of time by the probation officer with respect to presentence investigation reports and counseling offenders.
Q2) The offender's response to ____________ strongly influences the overall effectiveness of probation.
Q3) Judicial reprieve in the United States:
A) found widespread use in the late 1800s.
B) was the source of widespread judicial corruption during the early 1900s.
C) was never fully enacted.
D) was declared unconstitutional in 1916.
Q4) The most extensively used form of correctional control in this country is:
A) probation.
B) parole.
C) prison.
D) jail.
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Chapter 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Home confinement is best suited to:
A) situational offenders.
B) offenders with substance abuse issues.
C) offenders with relatively long sentences.
D) low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences
Q2) Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate in prison populations.
A) racial disparities
B) overcrowding
C) gang tensions
D) mental illness
Q3) Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following with punishment?
A) probation
B) prison
C) parole
D) house arrest
Q4) is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.
Q6) Community service is for an injury to society by performance of service. Page 11
Q5) is a sum of money that the offenders must pay to the victim or to a public fund.
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Chapter 10: Incarceration
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Sample Questions
Q1) In most prisons, the ____________ is an important social place where people talk, groups congregate, and the social business of the prisons is conducted.
A) yard
B) commissary
C) cafeteria
D) cell block
Q2) Prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called:
A) maximum security prisons.
B) solitary confinement.
C) custodial confinement.
D) super-max prisons.
Q3) Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:
A) the FBI.
B) the Secret Service.
C) the Marshal's Service.
D) none of these.
Q4) Administrators believe that elderly inmates should remain in the general prison population; however, they should receive _____ accommodations.
Q5) activity among men is one way HIV is transmitted in prison populations.
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Chapter 11: The Prison Experience
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Sample Questions
Q1) In prison terminology, the "fish" is a(n):
A) career criminal.
B) newcomer.
C) gang member.
D) elderly inmate.
Q2) Each year approximately correctional staff members are assaulted by inmates.
A) 18,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 25,000
Q3) When an inmate views his/her incarceration as a temporary break in their criminal career, their adaptive role is known as:
A) jailing.
B) gleaning.
C) hustling.
D) doing time.
Q4) Define and explain prisonization. Is this process normal in most prisons? Please explain. What are both the positives and negatives of this process? How does this affect inmates upon their release, and is this a factor in recidivism?
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Chapter 12: Incarceration of Women
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Sample Questions
Q1) The design of most women's prisons is the:
A) telephone-pole design.
B) radial design.
C) tier design.
D) campus design.
Q2) It is argued that the small number of women incarcerated justifies the lack of , vocational, and other programs.
Q3) Prior to the reform movement in the 1800s, women in Europe and the United States were:
A) segregated from males and other prisoners in jails but not prisons.
B) segregated in prisons but not jails.
C) not given corporal punishment as men were.
D) housed with men and other prisoners and treated as they were.
Q4) There are now more than 100,000 female offenders incarcerated in our nation's prison system.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most modern female prisons in the United States today were designed to resemble a
Page 15
Q6) The first independent female-run prison was established in the state of .
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Chapter 13: Institutional Management
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Q1) Line personnel are not concerned with furthering the institutional goals of a prison.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Female correctional officers only work with female inmates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an:
A) informal organization.
B) formal organization.
C) span of control.
D) unity of command
Q4) The warden is the chief executive officer of the institution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Officers are permitted to use ________________ to protect themselves from imminent harm or violence.
Q6) Like women in other criminal justice fields, women who work in corrections deal with_______ .
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Institutional Programs
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Q1) ______________frequently take the form of group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy.
A) Psychotherapy programs
B) Psychotropic medications
C) Psychological programs
D) Psychosis interventions
Q2) A majority of people under correctional authority have a history of mental health problems.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The unreliability of __________ ___________ diagnosis may be one reason why treatment regimens in prison have been so ineffective.
Q4) During incarceration, prisoners may be____________________ as they encounter problems or finish treatment programs.
Q5) In response to the problems associated with using inmate labor to produce goods for the competitive market, many states turned to the state-use system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Release from Incarceration
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Q1) The ______________ parole date refers to the assumed release date stipulated by parole guidelines if the offender serves time without disciplinary incidents.
Q2) From the philosophy of community corrections has come the _____________ model, a model that focuses on reconnecting the offender with society.
Q3) Discretionary release places great faith in the ability of the parole board members to:
A) link inmate treatment with the level of custody.
B) predict future offender behavior.
C) assess readiness for permanent release to community.
D) all of these.
Q4) In all U.S. states, the parole board (releasing authority) is part of the department of corrections.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An inmate released from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law has a/an
Q6) Only ________________are released on parole.
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Chapter 16: Making It: Supervision in the Community
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Q1) The conditions of parole only regulate conduct that is viewed in a legal context.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research has shown that postrelease supervision is in its effectiveness.
A) excellent
B) poor
C) limited
D) none of these
Q3) When parole officers play the role of , they can restrict many aspects of the parolee's life and initiate revocation for violations.
A) cop
B) social worker
C) welfare worker
D) paternal officer
Q4) In practice, revocations usually result from a single rule violation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) About of all released offenders return to prison within three years.
Q6) The broad discretionary ________ of the parole officer is disappearing.
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Chapter 17: Corrections for Juveniles
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Q1) When girls break the law, the juvenile justice system has a tendency to treat them as status offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) This case specified the "essentials" required by Kent-notice, hearing, counsel, and cross examination.
A) In Re Gault
B) In re Winship
C) Breed v. Jones
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
Q3) All delinquents, regardless of their crimes, can be saved from a life of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The public today calls for a approach to juveniles.
A) rehabilitative
B) lenient
C) get-tough
D) restorative
Q5) With the dawn of the Juvenile Court period the new juvenile court took the role of .
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Chapter 18: Incarceration Trends
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Q1) For most of the 20th century, the numbers of incarcerated prisoners in the United States:
A) grew.
B) held steady.
C) decreased.
D) were not calculated.
Q2) Overcrowded prisons may violate:
A) the First Amendment.
B) the Fourth Amendment.
C) the Sixth Amendment.the Sixth Amendment.
D) the Eighth Amendment.
Q3) A correctional officer's ability to do their job is impacted by prison overcrowding in what ways?
A) increased potential for violence
B) strain on staff morale
C) limited ability to run programs
D) all of these
Q4) A large percentage of the admissions to prison each year are parole violators.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Race Ethnicity and Corrections
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Q1) Many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is:
A) reciprocal.
B) one-sided.
C) unrecognizable
D) invisible.
Q2) Self-report studies show that have committed a crime.
A) very few people
B) most people
C) more white people
D) fewer people of color
Q3) One in three African American men are:
A) on parole.
B) on probation.
C) in college.
D) under correctional supervision.
Q4) Racist _____________, it is argued, help produce the higher crime rates among minorities, and then racist fears of minorities help justify treating them more harshly when they are caught.
Q5) distinguishes people according to language, religion, and group traditions.
Page 22
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Chapter 20: The Death Penalty
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Q1) Lethal injection is fast, easy, and painless.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The case of decided that a court that was hearing a death penalty case must use a bifurcated system of judgment.
Q3) The most common method used in executions in the United States today is _______________.
Q4) After 1935 the number of executions began to:
A) decline.
B) soar.
C) climb.
D) stabilize.
Q5) Opponents of the death penalty state that only ___________ has the right to take a life.
Q6) Although nearly one of ten arrestees for murder is a woman, judges and juries seem very reluctant to sentence a woman to death.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The Amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment.
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Community Justice
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Q1) The popularity of community justice derives in part from deep dissatisfaction with contemporary justice _________.
Q2) The proactive approach to restorative justice is based on the assumption that preventing crime is the most efficient aim of justice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Having a father go to prison contributes to a range of developmental problems, emotional problems, and in children.
Q4) Inequality breeds_______________.
Q5) Citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Reintegration is the solution sought in the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Community justice is based on the rather than on the .
Page 24
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Chapter 22: American Corrections
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Q1) The public's desire to punish criminals is not backed up by willingness to for the cost of punishment.
Q2) Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:
A) nearly twice as short.
B) nearly twice as long.
C) nearly identical.
D) incomparable.
Q3) A is a situation that forces one to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives.
Q4) One example of techno-corrections is:
A) electronic monitoring.
B) guard tower controls.
C) probation officers.
D) work-release centers.
Q5) A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is the:
A) American Correctional Association.
B) National Institute of Corrections.
C) California Peace Officers Association.
D) American Probation and Parole Association.
Q6) The main resource of corrections is ____________.
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