Correctional Law
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Correctional Law explores the legal framework governing correctional institutions, staff, and inmates within the criminal justice system. This course examines constitutional rights of incarcerated individuals, including issues related to due process, cruel and unusual punishment, access to courts, religious freedoms, and disciplinary procedures. Students will analyze landmark federal and state court decisions, statutory provisions, and correctional policies that shape daily correctional operations. The course also addresses the balance between institutional security and individual rights, the legal responsibilities of correctional professionals, and contemporary challenges such as prisoner litigation, medical care, and reentry laws.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Corrections 2nd Edition by
Robert D. Hanser
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17 Chapters
527 Verified Questions
527 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Early History of Punishment and the
Development of Prisons in the United States
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31 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ was/were a significant consequent of inmates incarcerated through the Pennsylvania system.
A) Sanitary issues
B) Diseases
C) Mental illness
D) Breakup of families
Answer: C
Q2) In the Roman Empire, a complete loss of citizenship and liberty, confiscation of property, and release of a spouse to remarry is called __________.
A) civil death
B) slavery
C) offender marginalization
D) offender disenfranchisement
Answer: A
Q3) Among early societies, religious offenses were considered less dangerous than secular offenses.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Ideological and Theoretical Underpinnings to Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Retribution equates revenge. There are few distinctions between the two terms. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Define indeterminate and determinate sentences. What are the main differences between determinate and indeterminate sentencing?
Answer: Indeterminate sentencing is sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender.The offender is released during some point in the range of years that are assigned by a sentencing judge.Both the minimum and maximum times can be modified by a number of factors.This type of sentence is typically associated with treatment-based programming and community supervision objectives.Determinate sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.This type of sentencing is grounded in notions or retribution, just desserts, and incapacitation.When offenders are given a determinate sentence, they are imprisoned for a specific period of time.Once the time has expired, the inmate is released from prison.
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Chapter 3: Correctional Law and Legal Liabilities
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31 Verified Questions
31 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In prison settings, this amendment has limited applicability because, for the most part, inmates do not have a legitimate expectation of privacy while serving their sentence.
A) The Fourth Amendment
B) The Eighth Amendment
C) The First Amendment
D) The Second Amendment
Answer: A
Q2) In the vast majority of cases, negligence suits do not actually win, particularly if the offender adheres to agency policy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A consent decree is an injunction that requires __________________.
A) that both the defendant and the plaintiff agree to work out the terms
B) that the defendant agrees to the terms
C) that the plaintiff agrees to work out the terms
D) that the judge makes the final decision
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Jail and Detention Facilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) This system provides all the information needed to manage data and processes for jails of any size or complexity.
A) SENTRY System
B) CCTV
C) SmartJAIL
D) DSM-IV
Q2) A lockup is often a police-operated facility where individuals who have been arrested can be held for up to seven days.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify and define three specialized jail sentences that are "middle road" forms of custody. In addition, identify which type of offenders commonly receive each sentence.
Q4) Bloodborne and airborne pathogens are a common part of operations within most jail facilities.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the characteristics and challenges of metropolitan jail systems.
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Chapter 5: Probation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Probation has its origins in what country?
A) England
B) France
C) Spain
D) United States
Q2) Most probation officers do not carry a firearm.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Who is often responsible for completing the presentence investigation report?
A) Probation officer
B) District Attorney's office
C) Public Defender's office
D) Sheriff's office
Q4) Most probation officers have at least what level of education?
A) High school degree/GED
B) Vocational training
C) College degree
D) Master's degree
Q5) Identify and discuss the qualifications, characteristics, and nature of work of most probation officers.
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Chapter 6: Intermediate Sanctions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shock incarceration includes a sentence of electronic monitoring followed by a period of probation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Passive systems require that the offender on electronic monitoring wear a device that emits continuous signals for tracking.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the two electronic monitoring types, the passive system has the lower rate of false alarms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Center for Sex Offender Management is operated by:
A) The Federal Bureau of Investigation.
B) The U.S. Department of Justice.
C) The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
D) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Q5) Define the term intermediate sanctions and describe its purpose. In addition, identify and define at least eight different intermediate sanctions.
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Chapter 7: Correctional Facilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) This security facility design are, in many respects, not even prisons as envisioned by most of the public.
A) Medium-security facility design
B) Maximum-security design
C) Direct supervision design
D) Minimum-security facility design
Q2) Much of the newer prison construction during the past 40-50 years has consisted of this facility design.
A) Minimum-security facility
B) Medium-security facility
C) Maximum-security facility
D) Supermax-security facility
Q3) Which is not a reason why the number of inmates with disabilities has continued to grow throughout correctional systems nationwide?
A) Offenders are older when committing offenses that require incarceration.
B) Inmates are aging while incarcerated.
C) The effects of alcohol and drug use on inmates.
D) Inmate injured due to violence in correctional facilities.
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Chapter 8: Classification and Custody Levels
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Sample Questions
Q1) This member of the unit classification team is generally responsible for the performance of diagnostic, therapeutic, research, educational, and evaluative functions relating to psychological services.
A) Educational Adviser
B) Correctional Counselor
C) Case Manager
D) Psychological Services Representative
Q2) As correctional facilities become more crowded, __________ decisions play a more significant role.
A) external classification
B) internal classification
C) reclassification
D) initial classification
Q3) Historically, the majority of all offenders were housed together within correctional facilities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Maconochie's mark system is considered a form of indeterminate sentencing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Prison Subculture and Prison Gang Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which tenet of the prison guard subculture is the foundation for cohesion among custodial staff?
A) Always go to the aid of an officer in distress.
B) Do not traffic drugs.
C) Do not be a snitch.
D) Never disrespect another officer in front of inmates.
Q2) There are many psychological aspects of controlling gang activity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The issues that confront women who work in corrections tend to be distinct from the issues that confront men who work in corrections.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The process of being socialized into the prison culture is known as:
A) blood in-blood out.
B) convict code.
C) prisonization.
D) symbiotic prison relationships.
Q5) Describe Kauffman's (1988) prison guard subculture and its main tenets.
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Chapter 10: Female Offenders in Correctional Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which states have the lowest rates of female incarceration? Explain at least partially why they have such low incarceration rates.
Q2) What type of sentencing was most often used in women's reformatories?
A) Determinate sentencing
B) Corporal sentencing
C) Truth-in-sentencing
D) Indeterminate sentencing
Q3) This female activist is perhaps the first person noted for spearheading the rights of women in prison, and her thoughts became known across continents.
A) Rachel Welch
B) Elizabeth Fry
C) Sarah Smith
D) Rhoda Coffin
Q4) Kinship structures are a common aspect within female correctional institutions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Female offenders generally have high rates of prior childhood sexual abuse. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Specialized Inmate Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) This Supreme Court case is generally considered to have influenced the four standards of mental health care within jails and prisons.
A) Vitek v. Jones (1980)
B) Turner v. Safley (1987)
C) Ruiz v. Estelle (1980)
D) Glover v. Johnson (1988)
Q2) Which state is not one of the "Big Four" among correctional system scholars?
A) Texas
B) New York
C) Oklahoma
D) Florida
Q3) Elderly first-time offenders frequently commit:
A) sexual offenses.
B) violent offenses.
C) drug offenses.
D) property offenses.
Q4) Identify the Supreme Court case which required four standards of mental health care. Identify each of the four standards.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Juvenile Correctional Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) By incorporating __________, the juvenile court was to act in the best interests of children through the use of noncriminal proceedings.
A) Parens patriae
B) in loco parentis
C) age of responsibility
D) houses of refuge
Q2) Which Supreme Court case ruled that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not require jury trials in juvenile court?
A) Kent v. United States (1966)
B) In re Gault (1967)
C) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
D) Breed v. Jones (1975)
Q3) When working with juveniles in the correctional setting, gang membership will be encountered on a fairly rare basis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define, compare, and contrast adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent juvenile delinquents.
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Chapter 13: Correctional Administration
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Sample Questions
Q1) A federal prison in Texas is within which Federal Bureau of Prisons regional region?
A) Western Region (WXR)
B) South Central Region (SCR)
C) Mid-Atlantic Region (MXR)
D) Southeast Region (SER)
Q2) The term __________ refers to persons who have been vested with an official title by the agency and who tend to be focusing on the process of completing functions of operations within the prison facility.
A) Management
B) Leadership
C) Administrators
D) Response Team
Q3) __________ describes how adept a person is at noticing and responding to the cues and information that are exhibited by others with whom he or she interacts.
A) Academic intelligence
B) Experiential intelligence
C) Practical intelligence
D) Emotional intelligence
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Chapter 14: Prison Programming
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31 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first inmate-operated prison newspaper in the world was called __________.
A) The Summary
B) Lockup
C) The Prison Journal
D) The Jaily News
Q2) Increased admissions to drug treatment programs are associated with reduced incarceration rates.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Prison staff have the right to regulate religious practices within prisons to ensure that the safety and security of the institution are not compromised.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In detoxification programs, inmate success depends upon ________.
A) the inmate's willingness to remain drug-free after the detoxification
B) following established protocols from drug administration and withdrawal
C) the inmate's frequent attendance at meetings
D) the inmate's willingness to rely on a senior member or sponsor
Q5) Discuss how the War on Drugs impacted inmate access to higher education.
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Chapter 15: Parole and Reintegration
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of parole was not initially designed to consider __________ but this is now often considered in parole decisions.
A) providing incentives to inmates
B) providing a gradual process of offender reintegration into society
C) prison overcrowding
D) behavior of inmates and their progress in work assignments and programming
Q2) Which of the following men is considered the father of parole?
A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Alexander Maconochie
C) William Penn
D) Sanborn
Q3) The federal government currently uses indeterminate sentencing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The number of prisoners released on discretionary parole has steadily decreased in recent years.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain Braithwaite's theory of shaming and reintegration.
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Chapter 16: The Death Penalty
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prison environments on death row can take a toll on both inmates and staff.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the arguments for and against the death penalty. Be sure to present the arguments along the three key themes, on which many arguments depend.
Q3) Cruel and unusual punishment is prohibited by the __________ Amendment to the Constitution.
A) Eighth
B) First
C) Fourteenth
D) Fifth
Q4) The costs associated with the death penalty tend to largely be due to the legal fees as well as the cost of the execution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify the U.S. Supreme Court case and explain the reasoning behind their decision to abolish the death penalty in the United States.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Program Evaluation, Evidence-Based Practices, and Future Trends in Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) __________ is a governing principle pertaining to goals, objectives, and/or activities.
A) objective
B) goal
C) activity
D) policy
Q2) The highest-quality research support depicted in this chapter (the __________ level) reflects interventions and practices that have been evaluated with experimental/control design and with multiple site replications that concluded significant sustained reductions in recidivism were associated with the intervention.
A) gold
B) silver
C) bronze
D) iron
Q3) Discuss the importance of evaluating staffing quality within correctional agencies.
Q4) Increasingly, technology has become less reliable in the field of corrections.
A)True
B)False
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