Correctional Institutions
Test Bank
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive examination of correctional institutions within the criminal justice system, exploring their historical development, functions, and the varied philosophies guiding punishment and rehabilitation. Students will analyze the structure and daily operations of jails, prisons, and alternative correctional facilities, while considering issues related to inmate rights, correctional staff roles, overcrowding, and recidivism. The course also addresses contemporary challenges in corrections, such as privatization, reform movements, and the impact of legal and social changes on institutional practice and policy.
Recommended Textbook
American Corrections 11th Edition by Todd R. Clear
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
22 Chapters
1712 Verified Questions
1712 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/737
Page 2
Chapter 1: The Corrections System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
79 Verified Questions
79 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14361
Sample Questions
Q1) Corrections is a means of social:
A) balance.
B) engineering.
C) enslavement.
D) control.
Answer: D
Q2) The term ______________________ usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society's needs.
Answer: corrections
Q3) The interdependence of people in corrections makes the concept of ______________ important to understanding their daily world.
A) exchange
B) values
C) punishment
D) treatment
Answer: A
Q4) Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as .
Answer: street-level bureaucrats
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14362
Sample Questions
Q1) Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.
Answer: civil
Q2) Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily for the detention of people awaiting trial.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Wergild developed as a:
A) barter system.
B) method for the king to bring his subjects directly under his rule.
C) method of treating private wrongs as public crimes.
D) system of compensation for private wrongs committed against another.
Answer: D
Q4) Best known for his utilitarian theories, including his creation of the phrase of "hedonic calculus," Jeremy Bentham was a leading social scholar and philosopher of his time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 3: The History of Corrections in America
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14363
Sample Questions
Q1) Although conceptualized by early English reformers, the penitentiary first appeared in the United States in the city of ____________, when part of the Walnut Street Jail was converted to allow for separate confinement.
Answer: Philadelphia
Q2) ______________________ has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in England, which called for an inmate to obtain marks toward early release.
A) John Howard
B) Sir Walter Crofton
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Alexander Maconochie
Answer: D
Q3) The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require .
Answer: treatment
Q4) The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a model of corrections.
Answer: crime control
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: The Punishment of Offenders
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14364
Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on:
A) medical issues.
B) complaints to staff.
C) family matters.
D) participation in vocational programs.
Q2) Determinate sentencing
A)Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
B)Min/max range of incarceration
C)Punishment as an example to the public
D)Restoring the offender to society
E)Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
F)Deserved punishment
G)Incarcerated for the betterment of society
H)Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
I)Fixed time of incarceration
J)Punishment for the individual
Q3) Most Western democracies impose the death penalty.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: The Law of Corrections
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
76 Verified Questions
76 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14365
Sample Questions
Q1) The first recognized U.S. Supreme Court case recognizing the termination of the hands-off policy was the case of .
Q2) The courts have upheld the right of female corrections officers to pat down:
A) only female prisoners.
B) only male prisoners.
C) male prisoners when a male officer is also present.
D) both male and female prisoners.
Q3) Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
A) Wolff v. McDonnell
B) Estelle v. Gamble
C) Holt v. Sarver
D) Pugh v. Locke
Q4) Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Laws passed by legislatures at all levels of government are known as .
Q6) The Amendment focuses on the right to religious freedom.
7
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 6: The Correctional Client
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
77 Verified Questions
77 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14366
Sample Questions
Q1) _________ offenders are more likely to seek solitude.
A) Situational
B) Elderly
C) Drug abuser
D) Habitual
Q2) The central problem with the mental health model of criminality is that we:
A) are too lenient on these offenders.
B) cannot read people's minds.
C) spend too much on these offenders.
D) should not incarcerate those who are ill.
Q3) References to "types" of offenders means they:
A) are easily stereotyped because their actions are so similar.
B) are fairly predictable for purposes of parole.
C) share important characteristics even though they vary in others.
D) behave very similarly for purposes of prediction.
Q4) In recent years, America's prison population has been:
A) getting younger.
B) aging.
C) shrinking.
D) expanding.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Jails: Detention and Short Term Incarceration
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14367
Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ refers to a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly rehabilitative.
Q2) Recently, there has been a major emphasis on programs to offenders awaiting trial.
A) treat
B) convict
C) sentence
D) release
Q3) Most jails in the United States have viable rehabilitative programs, and many have professionally trained personnel to deal with the mental health needs of offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of: A) an increase of youthful male offenders.
B) overcrowding.
C) lax correctional supervision.
D) inappropriate sexuality behind bars.
Q5) Roughly one-quarter of the occupants in U.S. jails are detainees.
Q6) A majority of inmates are under 35 years old, white, low income, and .
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 8: Probation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14368
Sample Questions
Q1) In this country, probation began with the innovative work of Jeremy Bentham, an English boot-maker, who was the first to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the London Police Court in 1841.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Depending on the state, probation may be:
A) centralized or decentralized.
B) administered by judiciary or executive branch.
C) combined with parole services.
D) all of these.
Q3) The approved practice for handling revocation of probation: A) is usually done in the judge's chamber.
B) proceeds in three stages.
C) is to take the offender directly to jail.
D) has been found unconstitutional.
Q4) Based on your having read the chapter, what is your overall opinion regarding the effectiveness of probation? Where do you see the practice of probation ten years from now-especially its frequency of usage? Based on your response, is this a positive or a negative? Be sure to clearly explain your answer.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14369
Sample Questions
Q1) Boot camp
A)A range of correctional management strategies
B)Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
C)Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
D)Designed for young offenders
E)Compensation for loss
F)Penalty based on an offender's income
G)Free labor as compensation
H)Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
I)Potential loss to victim/system
J)Targets offenders subject to incarceration
Q2) refers to a criminal penalty based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's work.
Q3) sanctions are used when a client who struggles under community-based alternatives can instead be monitored through other sanctions such as house arrest rather than return to prison.
Q4) measurement makes sure programs are having their intended effects.
Q5) In the United States is the most common criminal sanction used.
Q7) Community service is for an injury to society by performance of service. Page 11
Q6) is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 10: Incarceration
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
77 Verified Questions
77 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14370
Sample Questions
Q1) Many newer correctional facilities, especially maximum security facilities have been built in the _________ style.
A) radial
B) campus
C) military
D) courtyard
Q2) The ______________ model of incarceration emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
Q3) State prisons for men are usually classified according to the level of __________________ deemed necessary.
A) mental health
B) security
C) hospital care
D) retribution
Q4) The rehabilitation model, developed during the 1950s, emphasized treatment programs designed to reform offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q5) During the rehabilitation model many prisons were converted into institutions.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 11: The Prison Experience
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14371
Sample Questions
Q1) Inmates who choose cut themselves off from the outside and generally become key figures in the politics and economy of the joint.
Q2) According to Sykes, the greater the degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:
A) more severely the pains of imprisonment are felt.
B) less severely the pains of imprisonment are felt.
C) greater the influence rehabilitative programs will have on inmates.
D) greater the chances the individual inmate will have for survival within the prison over time.
Q3) Unlike the streets, race has a limited role inside a given prison subculture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Studies have shown that young men between 16 and 24, both inside and outside of prison, are more prone to violence than older men.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Inmates unable to develop a role orientation are referred to as , meaning they cannot adjust to prison life.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Chapter 12: Incarceration of Women
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14372
Sample Questions
Q1) Advocates of women's reformatories favored rural correctional institutions in areas away from the unwholesome conditions of the city.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the authors, in the correctional system women are known as the: A) fragile offenders.
B) minority offenders.
C) pink-collar offenders.
D) forgotten offenders.
Q3) The arrest rates for women have increased more than those for men over the past decade, especially for __________ and larceny.
Q4) In recent years, women who were sexually harassed or assaulted have brought ____________ lawsuits against correctional institutions/officials.
Q5) Until 1970 most women inmates were housed in the same prisons and treated essentially the same as men.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Female inmates traditionally receive sentences than men for similar offenses.
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 13: Institutional Management
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14373
Sample Questions
Q1) To prepare officers for prison work, most states require cadets to complete a _____________ training program.
Q2) The warden is the chief executive officer of the institution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Characteristics of inmate populations of many prisons began to change in the:
A) mid-1990s.
B) early 1950s.
C) mid-1960s.
D) mid-1940s.
Q4) A management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates is known as:
A) chain of command.
B) span of control.
C) circle of control.
D) unity of command.
Q5) Formal codes of institutional conduct have emerged only in the last 40 years. A)True
B)False
Q6) In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court granted inmates certain limited______ rights.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 16
Chapter 14: Institutional Programs
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14374
Sample Questions
Q1) Prison maintenance jobs constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments and reveal something about which of the following?
A) They give inmates power.
B) They provide information regarding other inmates and their prison time.
C) They increase an inmate's prestige in the facility.
D) all of these
Q2) The prison environment affects programming in what way?
A) constructively
B) negatively
C) positively
D) impartially
Q3) The principle of__________________ states that prisoners should receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law.
Q4) Men in prison tend to have already graduated from high school.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____________ _______________ is a form of treatment that focuses on patterns of interactions with others, especially patterns that may indicate problems.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 15: Release from Incarceration
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14375
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the authors,_______________ is when a parolee is still the responsibility of the government
Q2) Conditional release
A)Post-custody supervision in the community
B)Without any further correctional supervision
C)Used with indeterminate sentence
D)Furloughs
E)Required release
F)The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released
G)Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions
H)Treat a mental abnormality
I)The government extends the privilege of release
J)Conditional release
Q3) Almost all inmates will eventually be released to live in the community
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ______________ parole date refers to the assumed release date stipulated by parole guidelines if the offender serves time without disciplinary incidents.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 18
Chapter 16: Making It: Supervision in the Community
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14376
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a high-priority need for many offenders released from prison?
A) marriage/home life
B) education
C) money
D) job
Q2) ______________ refers to an official action by the executive branch of the state or federal government formally excusing an offense and absolving the offender of the consequences of the crime.
Q3) All of the following can be classified as civil disabilities that offenders face once released from prison, except for:
A) the right to remain silent.
B) the right to own and possess a firearm
C) the right to hold public office.
D) the right to vote
Q4) The parole officer's style has been referred to as one of the two ______________ conditions of supervision.
Q5) Parolees are released from prison on condition that they follow rules designed both to aid their readjustment to society and to .
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19
Chapter 17: Corrections for Juveniles
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14377
Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a status offense is:
A) not doing homework.
B) not cleaning the house.
C) running away.
D) talking back to parents.
Q2) The procedures of juvenile corrections incorporate:
A) firm due process rules.
B) informality and discretionary decision making.
C) strict judicial precedent.
D) formal criminal procedure.
Q3) The impact of juvenile _________ programs differs from adult programs in that they show a greater success rate than adults.
Q4) _________________ of minority juveniles often stems from disparity at the early stages of case processing.
Q5) Gang involvement decreased by the end of the 1990s, but has increased substantially since the 2000s.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The philosophy of juvenile corrections places a higher premium on and .
Page 20
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 18: Incarceration Trends
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
77 Verified Questions
77 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14378
Sample Questions
Q1) Construction strategy
A)Build our way out of overcrowding
B)Strains staff morale
C)Cheaper than prison
D)Let prisons become more and more crowded
E)Incarceration rate above historical norms
F)African Americans/Hispanics
G)Higher prison populations as a whole
H)Average U.S.incarceration rate from 2000 to 2007
I)Higher rate of imprisonment of specific groups
J)Raw material of corrections
Q2) Supporters of incarceration believe that current policies have ____________ in lowering the crime rate.
A) failed
B) succeeded
C) slightly helped
D) had little impact
Q3) The U.S. prison population continues to be the highest in the developed world.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 21
Chapter 19: Race Ethnicity and Corrections
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14379
Sample Questions
Q1) Racist _____________, it is argued, help produce the higher crime rates among minorities, and then racist fears of minorities help justify treating them more harshly when they are caught.
Q2) The gap between unemployment rates for African American men and every other group in society grows when:
A) prisons do not allow inmates to work.
B) men who are behind bars are released.
C) men who are behind bars are included in the unemployment rate.
D) prisoners are not included in the unemployment rate.
Q3) African Americans make up roughly 13 percent of the entire U.S. population, but make almost 40 percent of the U.S. prison population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following contribute to high rates of incarceration of African Americans?
A) drug sentences
B) poverty
C) unemployment
D) all of these
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 22
Chapter 20: The Death Penalty
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14380
Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States, a recent poll indicated that __________ percent of the population favors capital punishment.
A) 10
B) 60
C) 25
D) 90
Q2) Consular officials must be notified when a foreign national is:
A) arrested.
B) executed.
C) deported.
D) exiled.
Q3) An offender who presents belated evidence of innocence is entitled to a new hearing in a federal court before execution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Opponents of the death penalty state that only ___________ has the right to take a life.
Q5) The biggest demographic predictor of attitudes toward capital punishment is ___________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 23
Chapter 21: Community Justice
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14381
Sample Questions
Q1) The ______________ policing approach to law enforcement employs problem-solving strategies to identify ways to prevent crime by getting to root causes of instead of relying on arrests.
Q2) is the solution sought under the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
Q3) seeks to re-establish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event.
A) Community justice
B) Restorative function
C) Community surveillance
D) Restorative justice
Q4) Community justice attempts to:
A) apply strategies uniformly.
B) tailor strategies individually.
C) apply strategies based on funding.
D) tailor strategies to the law.
Q5) Community justice is based on the rather than on the .
Q6) The community justice approach combines crime control and rehabilitation.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 24
Chapter 22: American Corrections
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/14382
Sample Questions
Q1) Several forces contribute to the constant change in corrections, predominantly professional associations and ____________.
A) lobbyists
B) government agencies
C) the general public
D) the media
Q2) A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is the:
A) American Correctional Association.
B) National Institute of Corrections.
C) California Peace Officers Association.
D) American Probation and Parole Association.
Q3) Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:
A) nearly twice as short.
B) nearly twice as long.
C) nearly identical.
D) incomparable.
Q4) One of the initial recruiting problems for those working within corrections is the low starting .
Q5) The field of corrections will go nowhere without effective _____________.
Q6) Correctional is difficult to assess.
Page 25
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.