Course Introduction
Contemporary Psychology
Final Exam Questions
Contemporary Psychology explores the current theories, research, and applications that define the scientific study of mind and behavior today. The course examines major subfields such as cognitive, social, developmental, and clinical psychology, integrating recent discoveries and emerging trends. Students will analyze the impact of technology, cultural diversity, and globalization on psychological understanding, as well as ethical considerations and contemporary issues facing the discipline. Through case studies, empirical research, and hands-on activities, learners gain insights into modern psychological practice and its relevance to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was
A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) Gestalt psychology.
Answer: A
Q2) Topics such as courage,tolerance,creativity,and integrity reflect the interest of the positive psychology movement in the study of
A) positive subjective experiences.
B) positive individual traits.
C) positive institutions and communities.
D) positive life events.
Answer: B
Q3) Developmental psychologists generally focus on the study of interpersonal behavior and the role that social forces take in governing behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
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Q1) "Statistically significant" means that the results of an experiment most likely A) resulted from chance variations.
B) were not due to chance.
C) had practical significance.
D) were important.
Answer: B
Q2) The organization or standard format of journal articles describing psychological research reflects or follows the A) preferences of the specific researcher.
B) goals of science.
C) steps involved in conducting scientific research.
D) unifying themes of psychology.
Answer: C
Q3) In psychology,the best research method to use to develop a cause-and-effect explanation is the correlational method.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Zeke has no problem understanding what other people say to him,but he has difficulty producing spoken language.If Zeke's problem stems from damage to the cerebral cortex,the damage would MOST likely be in
A) an area known as Wernicke's area.
B) an area known as Broca's area.
C) the cerebellum.
D) the right parietal lobe.
Answer: B
Q2) The primary motor cortex is located in the A) occipital lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) temporal lobe.
D) frontal lobe.
Answer: D
Q3) Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the A) endocrine system.
B) limbic system.
C) corpus callosum.
D) brainstem.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) If your roommate slowly and carefully turns up the volume on the stereo until you can determine "now it's louder than it was before," it would be MOST accurate to say the volume increased by a A) perceivable difference.
B) just noticeable difference.
C) fractional difference.
D) proportional difference.
Q2) In dim light,the pupil of the eye is A) dilated, producing a sharper image.
B) constricted, producing a sharper image.
C) constricted, producing an image that is not as sharp.
D) dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp.
Q3) Impossible figures are objects that exist in three-dimensional space but cannot be accurately represented in two-dimensional pictures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Through ____________________,sensitivity to constant stimuli decreases and people are allowed to ignore the obvious.
Q5) Briefly distinguish between sensation and perception.
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Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
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Q1) A conscious attempt to focus one's attention and bring mental processes under voluntary control is called ____________________.
Q2) Symptoms such as fever,chills,tremors,convulsions,vomiting,cramps,and diarrhea are associated with
A) consuming psychoactive drugs.
B) tolerance.
C) psychological dependence.
D) physical dependence.
Q3) Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is increased voluntary muscle activity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM.Kara has probably experienced or undergone A) selective sleep deprivation.
B) alcohol overdose.
C) NREM rebound.
D) biofeedback training.
Q5) Compare and contrast the "role-playing" and "altered state" views of hypnosis.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock.This is an example of A) escape learning.
B) avoidance learning.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) positive reinforcement.
Q2) On Tuesday morning,Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee.However,instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast,she tried eating guava for the first time.Later she became extremely ill.If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items,the conditioned response will MOST likely be to
A) guava, because it was a novel stimulus.
B) milk, because the milk may have been sour.
C) grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast.
D) coffee, because coffee is a stimulant.
Q3) Problems associated with the application of physical punishment as a disciplinary procedure include ____________________ side effects,increased ____________________ behavior,and behavioral problems.
Q4) Clearly differentiate between reinforcement and punishment.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Human Memory
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Q1) The study of source monitoring - the process of making attributions about the origins of memories - is MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?
A) Brenda Milner
B) Endel Tulving
C) Marcia Johnson
D) Elizabeth Loftus
Q2) ____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
A) Retroactive interference
B) Proactive interference
C) Retrograde amnesia
D) Anterograde amnesia
Q3) Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) intermediate-term
D) long-term
Q4) Your birth date and your mother's maiden name are most likely to be contained in your ____________________ memory system.
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Chapter 8: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the word "oat" is changed to the word "boat," the number of A) phonemes and morphemes are both increased.
B) phonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes is increased.
C) phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same.
D) phonemes decreases, but the number of morphemes increases.
Q2) Infant vocalizations that consist of repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "lalalalalala" are known as ____________________.
Q3) Mrs.Bondle seldom corrects her 4-year-old's grammatical errors,such as "Her drinked my milk." However,she is careful to correct factual errors,such as "Tiger ate his milk." Assuming Mrs.Bondle's child develops normal language skills,her pattern of feedback would be inconsistent with
A) the behavioral view of language development.
B) the nativist view of language development.
C) all major theories of language development.
D) the transformational theory of language development.
Q4) ____________________ is the term used by psychologists to refer to mental processes or thinking.
Q5) What are the steps that you would go through to solve the problem of finding the best Chinese restaurant in your new town?
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Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing
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Q1) The consensus among most researchers is that the heritability of intelligence is A) close to 100 percent.
B) approximately 80 percent. C) around 50 percent.
D) less than 40 percent.
Q2) The two very broad categories of psychological tests are A) mental ability and personality tests.
B) intelligence and achievement tests.
C) interest tests and aptitude tests.
D) aptitude and attitude tests.
Q3) A method for determining the reliability of a test taker's score by comparing scores on separate testing sessions is known as A) content reliability. B) test-retest reliability.
C) construct reliability.
D) criterion-related reliability.
Q4) According to Gardner's theory of seven types of intelligence,one would expect a navigator on a ship to possess a high level of ____________________ intelligence.
Q5) Describe the components of Sternberg's concept of "successful intelligence."
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Cross-cultural similarities have been found in both the cognitive and physiological elements of emotional experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In studying the cognitive components of emotions,psychologists generally rely on which of the following?
A) heart rate
B) galvanic skin response
C) subjects' verbal reports
D) scores on the Thematic Apperception Test
Q3) Evolutionary theorists account for the many different emotions that humans are capable of experiencing by assuming that
A) each emotion is associated with its own distinctive pattern of autonomic arousal.
B) a small number of primary emotions can occur in various combinations and at various intensities.
C) humans use their advanced cognitive skills to make fine distinctions between emotions.
D) each and every specific emotion evolved separately.
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Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Life Span
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Q1) During the third stage of psychosocial development,the crisis that must be resolved is initiative versus guilt.By this Erikson meant that the child must learn
A) who to trust or not trust.
B) how to deal with peers and adults.
C) how to pursue his or her own interests and also get along with others.
D) how to become self-sufficient.
Q2) Shawn is concerned with how he compares to his peer group.For example,he is always trying to kick the football farther than his friends and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as the other boys in his second grade class.According to Erikson,Shawn is most likely in the stage of
A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) industry versus inferiority.
Q3) For Erikson,the stage during which toilet training occurs is A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) initiative versus guilt.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Personality
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Q1) Which of the following criticisms can be leveled against BOTH the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality?
A) poor testability
B) too deterministic
C) overemphasis on the influence of early childhood experiences
D) provide a fragmented view of personality
Q2) The sickly child who goes on to become a forceful,physically active adult is engaging in what Adler called A) compensation.
B) displacement.
C) fixation.
D) regression.
Q3) Freud believed that during the phallic stage,children develop erotically tinged desires for
A) the parent of the opposite sex.
B) the parent of the same sex.
C) playmates.
D) siblings.
Q4) Briefly describe the revisions of Freud's theory proposed by Jung and Adler.
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Chapter 13: Social Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary features of a group?
A) most groups have eligibility requirements
B) most groups have a power structure
C) most groups have a communication structure
D) most groups have norms
Q2) Carissa was born and raised in Peru; Olga was born and raised in the Netherlands.Based on evidence from cross-cultural studies comparing individualistic and collectivist cultures,Carissa is likely to be
A) more prone to the fundamental attribution error.
B) less likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
C) more likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
D) less prone to the fundamental attribution error.
Q3) Maya has always preferred individual assignments to group projects because she finds that she can accomplish more when she works on her own.The process that would best explain why Maya accomplishes less when she works as part of a group is
A) social loafing.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social interference.
D) social dissonance.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Stress,Coping,and Health
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Q1) Imagine you studied for this psychology exam with two of your classmates.If one classmate,Becky,was very nervous and "stressed-out" about the exam,and the other classmate,Craig,thought the exam "wasn't a big deal," their differing attitudes are most consistent with the finding that
A) some people use constructive coping techniques to reduce stress
B) people's appraisal of stressful events are highly objective
C) people's appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective
D) males experience many events as less stressful than females
Q2) Which of the following is the best piece of advice regarding exercise and its ability to reduce your vulnerability to stress?
A) Select a strenuous activity that will stretch you to the limit of your ability.
B) Become competitive in a team sport.
C) Gradually increase your participation in an enjoyable activity.
D) Play to win in competitive activities.
Q3) In general,people tend to be objective in their appraisals of stressful and potentially stressful events.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Paxton comes from a home where discipline was erratic,and he was physically abused by his parents.His parents were also self-centered and exploitive.Based on research,this home environment is likely to increase Paxton's risk for developing A) bipolar disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) a somatoform disorder.
D) paranoid schizophrenia.
Q2) Your friend's mother is afraid of squirrels.Although she knows squirrels are basically harmless,she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel.She never took your friend to the local park when he was a child because of the numerous squirrels.Your friend's mother has
A) panic disorder.
B) conversion disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) phobic disorder.
Q3) Discuss the evidence on the relationship between culture and pathology.
Q4) Altering neurotransmitter activity at ____________________ synapses can reduce excessive anxiety.
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Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Describe the various types of mental health professionals that provide therapy for abnormal behavior and discuss the types of credentialing required for each.
Q2) Clients' subjective ratings of changes in their feelings,measures of clients' behavioral change,and therapists' subjective ratings of change in clients' adaptive functioning could all be used as measures of
A) therapists' professional competence.
B) the effectiveness of therapy.
C) placebo effects.
D) personality differences among clients.
Q3) Which therapists are likely to play the least active (most subtle)role in conducting therapy?
A) behavior therapists
B) cognitive therapists
C) group therapists
D) psychoanalytic therapists
Q4) Antipsychotic drugs are used primarily in the treatment of
Q5) Overall,there is evidence to justify the conservative use of electroconvulsive shock therapy in treating severe ____________________ that have not responded to medication.
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Chapter 17: Statistical Methods
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Q1) Kurt has collected data on the relationship between the number of hours the employees at a large number of corporate headquarters spend working on their computers and the profits of the corporations.His scatter diagram of the data shows it clusters near a line running from the bottom left corner to the top right corner
A) variable.
B) zero.
C) positive.
D) negative.
Q2) Beth has designed a study to examine whether a new method of learning historical facts will improve the ability of sixth-grade students to recall such facts.The assumption that there will be no difference in the recall ability of a group of sixth graders who use the new method,and those who do not,is the
A) alternative hypothesis.
B) null hypothesis.
C) inferential hypothesis.
D) research hypothesis.
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Chapter 18: Industrial organizational Psychology
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Q1) The shared assumptions,beliefs,values,and customs of the people in an organization is called
A) organizational culture
B) work norm
C) work role
D) organizational efficacy
Q2) Research indicates that employees recruited through inside sources such as employee referrals
A) tend to hold their jobs longer than those recruited through outside sources
B) exhibit poorer job performance than those recruited through outside sources
C) are less satisfied with their work than those recruited through outside sources
D) are more disruptive than those recruited through outside sources
Q3) Practicing I/O psychology requires
A) only an associate's degree
B) only a bachelor's degree
C) an additional two to five years beyond the bachelor's degree
D) a Ph.D.
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Chapter 19: Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: Conservation Psychology
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Q1) Joe Bob lives in Las Vegas,Nevada.He gets his drinking water from this source,which of late has been experiencing major droughts.
A) Lake Tahoe
B) Mono Lake
C) Great Salt Lake
D) Colorado River
Q2) Global climate change is likely to lead to increases in all of the following EXCEPT A) stress disorders.
B) malnutrition.
C) schizophrenia.
D) disease.
Q3) When people change their views on an issue because of an overall increase in negative feelings,they are applying the _________ heuristic.
A) affect
B) comparative
C) false consensus
D) availability
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Page 21