Contemporary Issues in Criminology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores current topics and debates within the field of criminology, focusing on how contemporary social, political, and economic changes influence crime and its control. Students will critically examine issues such as cybercrime, terrorism, restorative justice, mass incarceration, racial profiling, and the impact of globalization on criminal activity. Through analysis of recent research, policy developments, and case studies, the course encourages students to reflect on the evolving nature of crime and the challenges faced by modern criminal justice systems.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The statement "criminal behaviour is generally defined by criminal laws,but not all deviant behaviour falls under criminal laws," is consistent with which of the following criminological perspectives?
A)legalistic perspective
B)human rights violations as crime
C)Hagen's continuum of crime and deviance
D)consensus theory
Answer: C
Q2) In Canada,provinces and territories can pass and amend criminal laws.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The conflict perspective understands the definition of crime to be factual and precise.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) In small-scale societies,disputes were exclusively settled by the political authority in that society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following is the major goal of dispute settlement processes in small-scale societies?
A)to provide restitution to the victimized parties
B)to identify and punish perpetrators
C)to provide satisfaction to the offended party or parties
D)to restore harmony between parties in conflict
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restorative justice?
A)It focuses on repairing the harm done to social relationships because of crime.
B)Victim,offender,and community are active participants in the process.
C)Reintegration is the goal.
D)The state plays a key role in bring the victim and offender together and repairing their relationship.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Procuring,soliciting or inciting another person to commit at crime all fall under which of the legal terms?
A)actual offence
B)conspiracy to commit an offence
C)criminal attempt
D)counselling an offence
Answer: D
Q2) A person suffering from a mental disorder who is capable of understanding what he or she did but who succumbed to an irresistible impulse would be found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Only the federal and provincial governments can enact legislation that amends the Criminal Code of Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to the UCR1,the UCR2 has reduced the amount of information collected on crime by the police.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the Canadian UCR system,thefts and attempted thefts are recorded under the same category.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following criminal justice agencies completes a report that then becomes part of the Uniform Crime Reporting system?
A)police
B)courts
C)corrections
D)Canadian Centre for Justice statistics
Q4) The homicide rate has been increasing at an alarming rate in Canada since 1961.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the strengths and limitations of self-report surveys?
Q6) What are the strengths and limitations of victimization surveys?
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following variables is most strongly correlated with crime?
A)race
B)gender
C)socio-economic status
D)place of birth
Q2) Which of the following best represents the differential treatment hypothesis?
A)There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,level of seriousness,and persistence of offending patterns.
B)Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process.
C)Structural injustices in society are responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal offending.
D)There is a higher rate of criminal offending by racial minority groups because they receive preferential treatment by government.
Q3) Women's imprisonment has not increased in the past few decades
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) According to Lombroso and Ferrero's early theory,women had not advanced as far along the evolutionary continuum as males.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the textbook,in recent years it has become increasingly popular among feminist criminologists to distinguish clearly between women as offenders and women as victims.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following describes "A system of male domination that includes both a structure and an ideology that privileges men over women"?
A)matriarchy
B)patriarchy
C)egalitarianism
D)concurrence
Q4) Compare and contrast the conservative (biological)and the liberal (structuralist)approaches to understanding female crime.List some of the differing assumptions for each that make them so different in how they seek to understand women and crime.
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook,in what area do Canadian provinces do a good job in providing services to victims of crime?
A)providing shelter or transitional housing
B)health care services
C)emotional and psychological services
D)providing restitution
Q2) In 1967,Alberta became the first province to provide compensation for victims of crime in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following government policies best represents the term "the prevention dividend"?
A)greater investments in programs that prevent crime and criminal behaviour
B)a financial dividend provided by governments to people who take measures to avoid being victimized
C)a private sector initiative that helps business avoid victimization
D)funding provided to community groups by provincial governments to establish victim services units
Q4) Explain what a victim fine surcharge is and how it works.
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) According to the Classical School,which of the following should punishment be commensurate with?
A)the state
B)the crime
C)the Lord
D)the criminal
Q2) Prior to the 18th century,theories about crime causation were largely based on which of the following?
A)superstition and religious beliefs
B)biology and heredity
C)heredity and religious beliefs
D)natural causes and the environment
Q3) For Beccaria,which two factors are most important for punishment to be effective in deterring crime?
A)the certainty and reliability of punishment
B)the severity and swiftness of punishment
C)the severity and certainty of punishment
D)the certainty and swiftness of punishment
Q4) What are some of the critiques and limitations of the Classical School of crime?
Q5) Explain how elites used religious ideas to combat challenges to their power.
10
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) What stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development centres on punishment and egocentrism?
A)conventional
B)preoperational
C)postconventional
D)preconventional
Q2) To reduce delinquency,Eyesenck recommends that parents be stricter.Which of the following does this entail?
A)that they employ outside agencies like the police to administer punishment
B)that they escalate the punishment each time the child misbehaves
C)that they punish the child every time he or she misbehaves
D)that they punish the child more severely
Q3) According to the textbook,Charles Manson had many characteristics.Which of the following characteristics did he NOT have?
A)charm
B)ruthlessness
C)feelings of guilt
D)psychopathy
Q4) Describe and critically analyze Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying the consensus perspective?
A)Most people share similar values.
B)Morality is universal.
C)The law represents a consensus of societal values.
D)Criminal law reflects the interests of powerful groups that create and enforce those laws.
Q2) According to Chapter 10,strain is more likely to lead to delinquency if the strain is perceived as unjust by the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The policy implications of strain theory have been tested in the real world.Describe programs and projects that have employed a strain theory rationale,at least in part.What have been the implications of the results of these programs for strain theory?
Q4) According to the consensus perspective,the vast majority of a society's population shares similar values regarding right and wrong.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Sellin,what is the result in complex societies when diverse cultural groups maintain distinct conduct norms or cultural rules governing appropriate conduct?
A)Civil war erupts.
B)The State mediates any conflicts between these distinct groups.
C)A cultural conflict between the conduct norms of the different cultural groups may emerge.
D)Social cohesion tends to increase.
Q2) Left idealism is an amalgamation of both instrumentalist and structuralist Marxist accounts of the State,law,and crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Vold's group conflict theory,which of the following would constitute a "minority group"?
A)the government
B)a youth gang
C)management in a corporation
D)the bourgeoisie
Q4) Describe how left realism is distinguished from Marxist theories of crime.
Q5) Outline the main assumptions of Quinney's conflict theory of crime.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain Pierre Bourdieu's "field theory." Provide practical examples in how criminal behaviour is caused that can be attributed to this theory.
Q2) Discuss cultural criminology and its contribution to critical criminology.
Q3) According to Derrida,which is the most commonplace understanding of justice?
A)vengeance
B)cooperation
C)respect for civil rights
D)respect for due process
Q4) Who laid the theoretical groundwork for applying the technique of deconstruction to the criminal justice system?
A)Hogeveen
B)Bourdieu
C)Agamben
D)Derrida
Q5) Describe Derrida's notion of deconstruction and explain how it helps us understand a criminal justice term of your choosing.
Q6) Explain the criminological research of Loïc Wacquant and how it builds upon Bourdieu's "field theory."
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Q1) A major factor leading to secondary deviation is the tendency of society to treat someone's criminality as a master status.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the various contingencies that criminals encounter in their deviant careers.
Q3) Interactionist approaches to understanding crime centre chiefly on what happens to criminals once their deviant activities commence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An individual commits delinquent acts but does not adopt a self-identity as a deviant.Which of the following is this an example of?
A)secondary deviation
B)primary deviation
C)drift
D)adolescent-limited deviance
Q5) Define master status and provide a hypothetical example of the application of "master status."
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Q1) When control theory is combined with differential association theory,the first step in delinquency involvement entails which of the following?
A)no unconventional social bonds
B)strong conventional social bonds
C)weak conventional social bonds
D)weak unconventional social bonds
Q2) From a control perspective,the Watergate scandal can be largely explained as the result of which of the following?
A)a lack of commitment to the American people
B)a lack of belief that such acts were wrong
C)a lack of attachment to conventional,nonpolitical groups
D)an over-involvement in political processes
Q3) The school provides a stake in conformity for all children,regardless of whether they succeed or fail in school.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe and analyze the relevance of schools to social control theory and how schools can both promote and prevent delinquent and criminal behaviour.
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these theories acknowledges that not everyone has the same way of life and that some people place themselves at more risk of victimization than others?
A)environmental criminology
B)lifestyle/exposure
C)lifestyle/situational
D)rational choice
Q2) Beccaria's Classical theory of crime is an important antecedent to modern deterrence theory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A fundamental assumption of crime prevention through social development is that opportunities make the criminal.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are mandatory minimum sentences? Cite specific examples of offences that are subject to mandatory minimum sentences in Canada,including new provisions introduced by the federal Conservative government.
Q5) Discuss the routine activities approach to crime,including its assumptions.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Q1) Identify and describe the some of the defining commercial characteristics of organized crime.Use one or more organized crime genres or groups to illustrate your answer.
Q2) Illustrate three ways in which the Lupollo family studied by Ianni and Reuss-Ianni acted more like a kinship group than a bureaucracy.
Q3) Alien conspiracy theory was first applied to Italian-American organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Criminal Code definition of organized crime includes groups that form randomly to commit a single offence.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Hells Angels chapters are located only in Ontario and Quebec.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain how public policies and geopolitical factors have made Canada a haven for smuggling.
Q7) Apply ethnic succession theory to better understand the history of organized crime in Canada.
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) What is the name applied to white-collar crimes committed with the support and encouragement of a formal organization and intended at least in part to advance the goals of that organization?
A)occupational crime
B)white-collar crime
C)organizational crime
D)institutional crime
Q2) Consumer safety issues with products from China stem partly from little quality control in Chinese factories,which in turn is the result of demands for cheap consumer products from that country.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the distinction between occupational crime and organizational crime.Provide two to three hypothetical examples for each.
Q4) Corporate involvement in crime is a relatively new phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Document and explain the physical and social harm caused by white-collar crime in Canada.
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) Which of the following best represents a goal of applying routine activity theory to cybercrimes?
A)to better understand guardianship that protects potential online victims
B)to better understand the paths and nodes used by offenders online
C)to better understand the rational decision making process of online offenders
D)to better understand the social environment of cyber offenders and how this contributes to their criminal offending
Q2) Which of the following can best be described as ripping?
A)the use of a network-enabled device to repeatedly make unwanted contact with a person using any number of means (e-mails,text messages,etc. ),and doing so knowing that this behaviour is likely to cause fear or annoyance
B)the use of specially designed software to download original material from a protected media source (e.g. ,online movie)to a hard disk,for the purposes of resale or redistribution
C)the attempt to remotely circumvent the security or privacy measures of an Internet website for the purposes of either stealing information or other malicious actions against the owner of the website
D)sending unsolicited and unwanted bulk e-mail messages to other users
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