Conditioning and Learning Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and mechanisms underlying conditioning and learning in both humans and animals. Topics include classical and operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, observational learning, and the biological bases of learning processes. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, students will gain insight into how behavior is acquired, maintained, and modified. Applications to real-world contexts such as education, therapy, and behavior management are also discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of how learning and adaptation occur across species.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance
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13 Chapters
699 Verified Questions
699 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change
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61 Verified Questions
61 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natural selection helps the species adapt to change, not the individual.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.
A) learning
B) disease
C) maturation
D) fatigue
Answer: A
Q3) Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.
A) genes
B) stimuli
C) releasers
D) reflexes
Answer: C
Q4) Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.
Answer: experience
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Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________.
Answer: not occurring
Q3) B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n)
A) between-subjects experiment
B) within-subject experiment
C) ABA experiment
D) descriptive study
Answer: A
Q5) Response _______ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs. Answer: latency
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Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
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66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.
A) psychic reflex
B) partition complex
C) operant response
D) digestive process
Answer: A
Q2) In general, the more intense a US, the __________.
A) faster conditioning proceeds
B) slower conditioning proceeds
C) more intense the CS
D) less intense the CS
Answer: A
Q3) What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.
A) the behavior of the dogs never changed
B) the behavior of the dogs changed erratically
C) the dogs began to salivate before receiving food
D) some dogs salivated and others did not
Answer: C
Q4) Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.
Answer: depend on many conditions
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Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.
A) goats
B) sheep
C) llamas
D) cows
Q2) VRET owes a debt to the work of Mary Cover Jones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe how you might have cured Little Albert's phobia.
Q4) The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.
A) programmed texts
B) psychoactive drugs
C) virtual reality
D) sleep conditioning
Q5) Pavlovian conditioning accounts for negative emotions, but not for positive ones.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe how a person might learn to be embarrassed by the word strawberry.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Reinforcement
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.
A) motivating operation
B) reward booster
C) contrived reinforcer
D) activator
Q2) How does the Sidman avoidance procedure differ from other avoidance procedures?
Q3) Positive reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.
Q4) Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.
A) drive reduction theory
B) relative value theory
C) response deprivation theory
D) equilibrium theory
Q5) ________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.
A) Olds and Milner
B) Skinner
C) Barnes and Noble
D) Hull
Q6) Operant learning is often described as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected by ______.
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Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your text describes various tips for shaping effectively. Describe as many of these tips as you can.
Q2) In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______.
A) reinforce novel behavior
B) punish repetitive behavior
C) shape the novel behavior she wanted
D) provide noncontingent reinforcement
Q3) Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______.
A) rat
B) pigeon
C) dog
D) philosophy student
Q4) The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.
A) is a mysterious process that defies explanation
B) occurs in people but not in animals
C) accounts for the solution to problems
D) depends on an organism's learning history
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Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One effect of the extinction procedure is an increase in the variability of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____________ led the way in the study of choice.
A) Richard Herrnstein
B) Clark Hull
C) B. F. Skinner
D) E. L. Thorndike
Q3) In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the
A) discrimination hypothesis
B) frustration hypothesis
C) sequential hypothesis
D) response unit hypothesis
Q5) CRF stands for ________.
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Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
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46 Verified Questions
46 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ___________.
A) positive and negative reinforcement
B) Pavlovian and operant learning
C) positive and negative punishment
D) reward training and escape training
Q2) The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .
A) Thorndike
B) Watson
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Pavlov
Q3) The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.
A) something is added
B) something positive is removed
C) the results are positive
D) the procedure is used with good intentions
Q4) You have a ten-year-old child who mistreats the family dog. Describe two ways of dealing with this problem without using punishment.
Q5) When aversive events occur independently of behavior they are called _______ .
Page 10
Q6) The one process in the one-process theory of punishment is ________.
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Chapter 9: Operant Applications
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48 Verified Questions
48 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with ___________.
A) chimpanzees
B) monkeys
C) rats
D) sea lions
Q2) Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The author of your text suggests that operant procedures may be useful not only in treating medical disorders, but also in assessing them. Describe how operant learning was used to assess the learning ability of infants born prematurely.
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Chapter 10: Observational Learning
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are two kinds of social observational learning experiences, vicarious _______ and vicarious _______.
Q2) Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling. Completion
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model
A) did better than those who did not observe a model
B) did less well than those who did not observe a model
C) did about the same as those who did not observe a model
D) imitated irrelevant acts of the model
Q4) The operant learning model of observational learning takes the _________.
A) natural science approach
B) cognitive approach
C) intuitive approach
D) guess approach
Q5) In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
Q6) Discuss the role of observational learning in criminal behavior.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.
A) incipient
B) response
C) transitional
D) active
Q2) Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.
Q3) In ________discrimination training an S<sup> </sup> is introduced in a form so weak that the organism does not respond to it.
Q4) You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing _______.
A) fruit
B) animals
C) landscapes
D) houses
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Forgetting
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.
Completion
A)True
B)False
Q2) A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.
A) sleep
B) state dependent learning
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference
Q3) The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they ____________.
A) agree with it
B) disagree with it
C) are ambivalent about it
D) wrote it
Q4) What did Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study reveal about forgetting?
Q5) Describe Krueger's study of overlearning and its findings.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Does learning inevitably mean progresshy or why not?
Q2) In their study of conditioning, Garcia and Koelling paired water with radiation. They found that the rats later avoided _________.
A) water with a distinct odor
B) water with a distinct taste
C) water that was bright and noisy
D) any kind of water
Q3) The psychologist who believed that learned behavior could be inherited was
A) McArthur
B) McConnell
C) McDougall
D) McEdwards
Q4) Skinner's efforts to teach pigeons to play ping pong demonstrate that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by_________.
A) making allowances for physical limitations
B) breaking the task into small parts
C) lots of patient training
D) surgical procedures
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