Course Introduction
Comparative Cultures Exam Review
Comparative Cultures is a course that explores the similarities and differences among diverse cultures around the world. Students will examine key aspects of culture, including social organization, belief systems, traditions, language, and artistic expression, with an emphasis on how historical, geographical, and political factors influence cultural development. Through interdisciplinary approaches and case studies, the course encourages students to critically analyze how cultural perspectives shape worldviews and interactions in an increasingly interconnected global society.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Explain how anthropologists have had to adapt to the impact of global forces on the communities they study. What tools or new approaches have they developed to help them do their work in a globalized world?
Answer: The author states that it is no longer possible to study any community without studying the global forces that affect it. One way that anthropologists have adapted is by studying local communities and following the effects of global forces through multi-sited ethnographies. This allows anthropologists to get a comprehensive view of the community and its unique situation. The author found that in order to study the Chinese community in New York, it was necessary to go to China to get a complete understanding of Chinese communities and population movement.
Q2) The theory of time-space compression suggests that the way we think about time and space has been transformed. What do anthropologists think might be the underlying reason for this?
A) decreased ethnocentrism
B) even economic growth
C) the Anthropocene
D) rapid innovation of communication and transportation
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) In 1989, a large number of people in China protested the lack of democratic process through demonstrations in Tiananmen Square. From an anthropological perspective, what is this called?
A) structural functionalism
B) rioting
C) hegemony
D) expressing agency
Answer: D
Q2) Ten-year-old Davi is getting dressed to go to a wedding at a synagogue. When his parents see that he's wearing jeans and a t-shirt, they tell him that he needs to wear a suit instead. What are Davi's parents teaching him?
A) religious beliefs
B) norms
C) Jewish symbols
D) ethnicity
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) Programs like Human Terrain Systems Program and the Minerva Initiative offer funding to anthropologists whose work can benefit defense planning. Many in anthropology see this as a problem for the discipline. What do they find problematic?
A) an excess of funding sources for a narrow range of interests
B) the "weaponizing of anthropology"
C) the "militarization of anthropology"
D) recruitment of anthropologists as fighting soldiers
Answer: B
Q2) Anthropologists are able to collect information, select which people to highlight, and choose which facts to publish in their results. What key aspect of writing ethnography does this clearly illustrate?
A) the importance of accurate notes in the field
B) the crucial need for different types of anthropologists today
C) how the type of ethnographic writing affects the published results
D) the reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) Terms like the "N-word," as the text suggests, carry a wide range of meanings. In a similar way, use of the term "queer" has had many different uses and meanings over the past decade. The use of such terms illustrates what concept in linguistic anthropology?
A) how similar groups of people share the struggle to overcome derogatory words
B) how different social groups are able to control the use of a specific terms
C) ways that language and power are distinct from one another
D) the implications of how deeply language and power intersect
Q2) In 1996, the Oakland School District proposed the use of Ebonics in the school system. What did the subsequent revision of that proposal suggest about African American English?
A) African American English was considered a significant language development.
B) African American English was seen as a low-status language.
C) Ebonics was seen as not "African" enough.
D) African American English was seen as prestige language.
Q3) What do linguists call small units of sound that carry meaning on their own?
A) phonemes
B) syntax
C) morphemes
D) paralanguage
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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Q1) Explain how and why Jim Crow laws came to the American South.
Q2) Explain how European colonial expansion gave rise to race and racism.
Q3) The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people, is referred to as what?
A) discrimination
B) hypodescent
C) segregation
D) racialization
Q4) While health, education, decent housing, and employment are something that most of us would agree are fundamental to all people, what is a primary reason that these have historically been denied to many people in the United States?
A) white privilege
B) intersectionality
C) microaggressions
D) genotype
Q5) Explain what is meant by a "racial democracy" in Brazil. What are the effects of this?
Q6) Explain how the idea of "white" or "whiteness" changed over time in the United States.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) What do anthropologists call the phenomenon when a particular ethnic community desires to create and maintain a nation-state?
A) citizenship
B) diaspora
C) nationalism
D) imagined community
Q2) Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. Development and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure?
A) imagined community
B) ethnic state
C) nation-state
D) citizen coalition
Q3) Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.
Q4) Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community, and give an example.
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Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) How do anthropologists describe the way individuals act out behaviors associated with the continuum between masculine and feminine?
A) gender stratification
B) gender performance
C) gender dimorphism
D) gender roles
Q2) Explain how feminist research on gender stratification and gender roles has changed since Margaret Mead's pioneering research, paying particular attention to the approaches and findings of Sherri Ortner, Michelle Rosaldo, and Annette Weiner. What do we understand about how gender should be studied today?
Q3) In India, what are individuals who are identified as "neither man nor woman" called?
A) berdache
B) hijras
C) Two-Spirits
D) transgender
Q4) Define the concept of intersex, and explain how physicians' attitudes toward children born intersex have changed in recent decades in parallel with changes in attitudes toward sexuality.
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Chapter 8: Sexuality
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Q1) According to Jonathan Ned Katz, when was heterosexuality "invented"?
A) about 6,000 years ago, when homosexuality first developed
B) in 1859, when laws about sexual orientation were written
C) in 1700, when the term was first used in Germany
D) in 1892, when the term was first used in the United States
Q2) Emma Sulkowicz's story of being sexually assaulted on her college campus raises awareness about the growing debate on how what is defined on college campuses?
A) consent
B) sexuality
C) homosexuality
D) gender roles
Q3) Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors, or ethnocartography, offers the chance for a deeper analysis of one's own culture. What else does such work provide?
A) a complete history of human sexuality
B) a good understanding of the biological causes of sexuality
C) a reexamination of what seems "normal"
D) the ability to determine which sexual behavior should be considered immoral
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Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) Where are first-cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) legally prohibited?
A) in all fifty states in the United States of America
B) in some states in the United States of America
C) in Europe and North America
D) in all countries around the world
Q2) Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as what kind of descent groups?
A) unilineal
B) polylineal
C) cognatic
D) monolineal
Q3) Teresa and Caitlyn are successful professionals in their 50s. Although they don't feel any economic or social pressure, they decide to get married. What kind of marriage to they have?
A) arranged marriage
B) exogamous marriage
C) family of orientation
D) companionate marriage
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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Q1) Briefly describe the "poverty as pathology" and the "poverty as a structural economic problem" approaches to poverty and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Which is a better explanation of the causes of poverty in the United States? Explain your conclusion.
Q2) Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of what?
A) class
B) status
C) power
D) prestige
Q3) Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?
A) race
B) ethnicity
C) gender
D) class
Q4) Compare the water crises of the poor urban settlers in Mumbai, India, and the residents of Flint, Michigan.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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Q1) What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?
A) Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens.
B) Government must be able to control the free market completely.
C) Free markets must be able to implement the legal structures needed to succeed.
D) All citizens must be able to decide what the free market can and cannot do.
Q2) Today fewer than 250,000 people make their primary living from food foraging. Where do the remaining food foragers often live?
A) in environments (cold places, forests, islands) where other strategies for food production are not sustainable
B) in remote regions where inhabitants have never had any contact with other societies or civilizations
C) in very poor countries where agriculture is too expensive
D) on plantations where they work for wealthy landlords
Q3) When did the majority of anticolonial and independence movements occur? Why did they occur then? In your answer, identify three strategies commonly used to gain national independence and explain how external forces often contributed to the quest for independence.
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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Q1) A local nongovernmental organization (NGO) that challenges state policies and uneven development and advocates resources and opportunities for members of its local communities is known as what?
A) a civil society organization
B) an international aid society
C) a nonaligned charity
D) a local support agency
Q2) In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal-fired plants. What does this demonstrate?
A) people taking political action to resist climate change
B) electoral politics in action
C) the persistence of egalitarianism
D) the reign of hierarchy
Q3) Power, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is:
A) found in some relationships.
B) exercised by the state alone.
C) must be established through public, dramatic, and violent actions.
D) embedded in all human relationships.
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14
Chapter 13: Religion
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Q1) Which of the following individuals believed that ideas can be just as powerful as economics in shaping society?
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Victor Turner
Q2) Anthropologist Marvin Harris (1927-2001) developed the theory of cultural materialism, which is built on Karl Marx's analysis of the way in which the material conditions of a society shape its other components. What is the basic premise of Harris's theory of cultural materialism, and how does it relate to religion? How can Harris's theory be applied to explain why cows are sacred in India? What is an example of a religious practice that people engage in within the United States that could be explained using the theory of cultural materialism? Do you think Harris's theory is useful in examining religion and religious practices? Why or why not?
Q3) Anthropologists are primarily interested in what aspect of religion?
A) analyzing religion's ultimate truth or falsity
B) capturing religious expression and making it come alive for others
C) validating others' religious beliefs
D) documenting all shamanic and folk traditions
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Q1) From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what?
A) ethnomedicine
B) ethnopharamacology
C) biomedicine
D) medical pluralism
Q2) A Shipibo shaman uses Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic drink brewed from roots and leaves found in the rainforest, to treat spiritual and psychological maladies. Researchers interested in studying its effectiveness are studying:
A) ethnomedicine.
B) the human microbiome.
C) ethnopharmacology.
D) epidemiology.
Q3) Discuss how "traditional" Chinese medicine has "gone global"? How and when did Chinese medical practices become more widespread in North America, Europe, and other parts of the world?
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Chapter 15: Art and Media
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Q1) Cooking and building, fashion and oratory, decorating and dressing, and sewing and play all represent ________ through which artists and audiences communicate.
A) sculpture
B) media
C) games
D) programs
Q2) What is one result of the attention focused on Morrinho?
A) art students receiving scholarships to study at a university in Madrid
B) the number of Internet users in Paris increasing dramatically
C) an opportunity for the creators to install a replica of it at an arts festival in London
D) new guidelines in regulations about television broadcasts for children
Q3) What would ethnomusicologists be most likely to study?
A) portraits in National Geographic
B) communication through social media
C) the use of playground rhymes by U.S. rap artists
D) the marketing of oceanic arts
Q4) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"?
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