Comparative Cultures Exam Review
Course Introduction
Comparative Cultures examines the similarities and differences among diverse societies through their beliefs, customs, social structures, and artistic expressions. The course explores how cultural values influence perspectives on identity, community, politics, and religion, and considers the ways in which cultural exchange and globalization shape contemporary societies. Students engage in critical analysis of case studies from various world regions to deepen their understanding of cultural dynamics, intercultural interactions, and the role of tradition and change in shaping societies.
Recommended Textbook
Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 7th Edition by Conrad Phillip
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Ethnology is
A)the study of human speech sounds.
B)the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.
C)the most important subfield of anthropology.
D)the study of ancient ethnic groups.
E)a synonym for ethnography.
Answer: B
Q3) Cultural resource management is an example of applied
A)ethnology.
B)biological anthropology.
C)archaeology.
D)linguistic anthropology.
E)ethnography.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the ways in which individuals learn culture?
A)Genetic transmission
B)Unconscious acquisition
C)Through observation
D)Through direct instruction
E)Conscious acquisition
Answer: A
Q2) What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English?
A)Enculturation
B)Acculturation
C)Independent invention
D)Migration
E)Diffusion
Answer: B
Q3) Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Doing Anthropology
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Q1) Interpretive anthropology presents ethnography as a dialogue between the anthropologist and one or more native informants.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What kind of researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations?
A)Ethnographer
B)Sociologist
C)Economist
D)Palynologist
E)Limnologist
Answer: A
Q3) An anthropologist should only have one key cultural consultant for the culture he or she is studying.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Communication
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Q1) All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements best describes the use of language by apes?
A)Only humans are capable of learning and using language.
B)Apes use American Sign Language in the wild.
C)Apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language.
D)Only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language.
E)Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.
Q3) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that speakers of simple languages are unable to think in sophisticated ways.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The frequency with which people smile varies cross-culturally.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic shared by most present-day foragers?
A)They primarily fish for subsistence.
B)They are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C)They live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D)They live in marginal environments.
E)They adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?
A)Social stratification
B)Sedentism
C)Egalitarianism
D)Irrigation
E)Large populations
Q3) Paying taxes is an example of
A)generalized reciprocity.
B)balanced reciprocity.
C)the market principle.
D)redistribution.
E)negative reciprocity.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Political Systems
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Q1) Why does a big man accumulate wealth?
A)Big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B)The term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C)Big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D)To become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E)Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q2) In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social stratum.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the differences between open- and closed-class systems?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Families, Kinship, and Marriage
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Q1) Polygyny has not occurred in Turkey since it was outlawed by the government in 1926.
A)True B)False
Q2) Which of the following is one of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families?
A)Descent groups are typically not involved with politics, while nuclear families are.
B)Nuclear families are always exogamous, while descent groups are always endogamous.
C)Descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
D)Members of descent groups are called affines, while members of nuclear families are called consanguines.
E)Nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, while descent groups are found only in foraging societies.
Q3) Although the nuclear family is found in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) Which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse is not true?
A)It was believed to sap a man's vitality.
B)Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches.
C)It was permitted only about 100 days a year.
D)It was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence.
E)It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death.
Q2) Homosexual practices among the Etoro demonstrate that homosexuality is more pronounced in matrifocal societies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Male-female avoidance among the Etoro was linked to beliefs about the cycle of birth, physical growth, maturity, old age, and death.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All anthropologists agree that a true matriarchy has never existed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Religion
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Q1) How do you explain the universality of religion?
Q2) According to Tylor, what is the sequence through which religion evolved?
A)Olympianism, polytheism, monotheism
B)Animism, polytheism, monotheism
C)Mana, polytheism, monotheism
D)Animism, cargo cults, monotheism
E)Polytheism, animism, monotheism
Q3) What is communitas?
A)Social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged
B)A feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness
C)Anxiety about the meaning of life
D)The Latin word for mana
E)The supernatural
Q4) Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at
A)powerful politicians.
B)individuals who are widely respected in a community.
C)socially marginal people.
D)upstanding citizens.
E)prominent religious leaders.
Q5) Discuss two cases in which religion played an important role in social change.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Factory workers enjoyed higher wages and greatly improved living conditions as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the world-system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
Q4) Why is the idea of corruption an issue in postsocialist countries?
A)The World Bank is giving money to corrupt governments without trying to prevent it.
B)There is a clear divide between the state and the religious sphere that is being followed.
C)In Russia today, there is not a clear divide between public and private domains.
D)Religious leaders are stepping in to replace the authoritarian government.
E)Capitalism has boosted the economies of postsocialist states but has created a class distinction again.
Q5) Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England rather than in France?
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Chapter 11: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications?
A)Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.
B)American categories are purer than Brazilian ones.
C)Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype.
D)In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day.
E)There are no major differences between Brazilian and American racial classifications.
Q2) Historically, the Basques have fought for autonomy from France so that they might fully assimilate into Spanish society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is hypodescent? Does it exist in every human society?
Q4) What is identity shifting? What are the differences between identities that may be situationally negotiated and those that cannot? Give specific examples of both.
Q5) Explain the notion of "imagined community."
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) During World War II, the U.S.government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Businesses are no longer interested in hiring applied anthropologists now that the majority of goods are bought and sold over the Internet.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied work.
Q4) An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Development projects are much more likely to succeed if they are based on traditional social organizations and respond to locally perceived needs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Most migrants live independently, severing all ties to their home communities and identities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What strategies can help ensure that economic development and environmentalism benefit, rather than endanger, local communities?
Q3) What are the causes and effects of deforestation? How does deforestation tie into climate change? What was the traditional approach to combating deforestation and what strategies are more likely to be effective?
Q4) Native Australians relate to the movie Rambo because A)the film is set in Australia.
B)native Australians see tribal ties and kin links between Rambo and the prisoners he was rescuing.
C)native Australians have always wanted to fight in a war.
D)the movie portrays aspects of the Australian Dreamtime.
E)native Australians love American films.
Q5) Explain the difference between acculturation and indigenization, citing examples of each.
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