Comparative Cultures
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Comparative Cultures explores the diverse structures, values, and practices that define societies around the world. This course examines cultural similarities and differences by analyzing social norms, belief systems, artistic expressions, language, and rituals within various communities. Students will engage with theoretical frameworks and case studies to understand how identity, power, religion, and globalization shape cultural interactions. By fostering critical thinking and cross-cultural awareness, the course prepares students to navigate and appreciate the complexities of an interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 16th Edition by Conrad Phillip Kottak
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15 Chapters
963 Verified Questions
963 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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53 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Theories must be proved correct before they can be accepted.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly more distinct.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Acculturation is the process by which people lose the culture they learned as children.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a process EXCEPT
A)analysis that attempts to establish boundaries between cultures.
B)practice theory.
C)attention to agency in anthropological analysis.
D)interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life.
E)interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture.
Answer: A
Q3) Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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70 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In survey research, a sample should
A)include the entire population in question.
B)include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer.
C)target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior.
D)be constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population.
E)be invariant.
Answer: D
Q2) Among the classic works of processual approaches to culture is Edmund Leach's Political Systems of Highland Burma.This study made a tremendously important point by taking a regional rather than a local perspective.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) When an ethnographer uses an interview schedule to gather information from the field, the researcher's capacity to ask and answer truly relevant questions is inevitably limited.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful?
A)Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.
B)The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage.
C)There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descent-group social organization.
D)The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.
E)The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project.
Q2) Discuss ethical dilemmas and possible solutions with respect to the kinds of applied anthropology discussed in this chapter.
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ethnosemantics studies how different members of different linguistic groups organize, categorize, and classify their experiences and perceptions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is an incomplete linguistic system that is able only to express thoughts and ideas related to life in inner-city communities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Diglossia refers to linguistic groups, like those in Papua New Guinea and Australia, that distinguish between only two colors: black and white or dark and light.
A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why are forms of mass media such as print and television important to the existence of what Benedict Anderson calls an "imagined community?" How are new communication technologies supporting or changing what Anderson meant by this term?
Q2) What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt the dominant culture?
A)attitudinal discrimination
B)genocide
C)forced assimilation
D)ethnocentrism
E)environmental racism
Q3) The only chance for human racial classification schemes to work is to shift from using phenotypic to genotypic characteristics of human populations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is hypodescent? Why is it an arbitrary rule of racial classification?
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Chapter 7: Making a Living
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Sample Questions
Q1) Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include the factors of production such as land, labor, and technology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?
A)Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.
B)More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.
C)The use of land and labor intensifies.
D)There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.
E)The use of communal cooking houses becomes more common.
Q4) Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the pre-Civil War southern United States, gatherings of five or more slaves were forbidden unless a White person was present, because
A)resistance was most likely to be expressed openly when Black slaves were provoked by the presence of White persons.
B)resistance is most likely to be expressed openly when people are allowed to assemble.
C)White persons were curious about the use of the story of Moses that was popular among slaves at the time.
D)some Whites were eager to join the Black slaves in their plans, some successful, in establishing free communities in isolated areas.
E)these Whites were actually covert anthropologists eager to study social relations during these politically difficult times.
Q2) Discuss ways in which order is maintained in societies that lack chiefs and rulers.
Q3) Contrast the Inuit and Yanomami with respect to their reasons for disputes, the effectiveness of their means of resolving disputes, and how they enforce decisions about resolving disputes.
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast gender roles in two of the following: A) foraging societies; B) matrilineal-matrilocal societies; C) patrilineal-patrilocal societies; D) pastoralists; and E) agriculturalists.
Q2) What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive activity? Why or why not?
Q3) Across differing societies, women generally dominate the practice of subsistence labor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Adding together men's and women's subsistence activities and their domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Even though women represent more than half the U.S.workforce, single-parent families headed by women represent more than half the households below the poverty line.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your family of procreation is the one into which you were born.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Members of a clan say they are descended from a common apical ancestor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A functional explanation attempts to correlate particular customs (in this case kinship terms) to other features of society.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In North America, the relatively high incidence of expanded family households in the lower class is
A)the reason why the families of lower-class urbanites are dysfunctional.
B)an important strategy the urban poor use to adapt to poverty.
C)maladaptive, since poor families should be smaller in order to cut down on expenses.
D)caused by bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20<sup>th</sup> century.
E)the result of enduring cultural ties to Europe.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Marriage
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs?
A)incest
B)exogamy
C)hypogamy
D)endogamy
E)endosperm
Q2) A lobola, a substantial marital gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin among the BaThonga of Mozambique, is
A)a form of bride theft.
B)only given for elopements.
C)the same as a dowry.
D)widespread in patrilineal societies.
E)widespread in matrilineal societies.
Q3) Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Same-sex marriages are not culturally viable institutions.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Hindu principle of ahimsa functions to ensure that cattle milk production is maximized.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?
A)animism
B)magic
C)religion
D)a rite of passage
E)pantheism
Q4) Animism, belief in souls or doubles, is thought by some to be the earliest form of religion.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan Montague and Robert Morais (1981) argue that Americans appreciate football because it presents a miniaturized and simplified version of modern organizations.These researchers
A)suggest that football, with its territorial incursion and violence, is popular because Americans are violent people.
B)link football's values, particularly teamwork, to those associated with business.
C)argue that football allows spectators to vicariously realize their own hostile and aggressive tendencies.
D)suggest that football is a peculiarly American pastime because of our wartime history. E)argue that football should be regulated the same way we regulate corporations.
Q2) Actors, musicians, and dancers
A)are not artists, since they perform but do not create art.
B)function as parasitic consumers of the creative works of artists.
C)distort and dilute the artistic mastery of other artists.
D)function as intermediaries who translate the works and ideas of other artists.
E)are marginal members of artistic communities around the world.
Q3) Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) According to Marx, who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?
A)the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past
B)groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation
C)distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy
D)exogamous social groups
E)moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism
Q2) Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The domestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Postmodernism refers to the breakdown of traditional categories, standards, and boundaries in favor of a more fluid, context-dependent set of identities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is environmental anthropology? What can be its contribution to addressing environmental threats around the world?
Q4) What are some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of the mass media as forms of cultural imperialism?
Q5) When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money.
A)True
B)False
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