Comparative Criminology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Comparative Criminology explores the similarities and differences in crime, criminal justice systems, and crime prevention strategies across various countries and cultures. The course examines how social, economic, political, and historical contexts influence crime rates and criminal behaviors worldwide. Students analyze international policies, legal systems, and cultural approaches to crime and punishment, fostering a global perspective on criminological theory and practice. By engaging with case studies and comparative research, learners develop an understanding of the challenges and opportunities in addressing crime in an increasingly interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The legalistic definition means that a crime is as an act that violates criminal law and is punishable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Robert and Danny Sand,the brothers from Alberta,led undisciplined criminal lives,as described at the beginning of Chapter 1.To which of the following can we largely attribute their criminal behaviour?
A)sociological explanations such as early socialization
B)cultural definitions of what constitutes crime at any given point in time
C)psychological makeup
D)biological traits
Answer: A
Q3) Most Canadians learn about serious crime from first-hand experience.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) Which of the following was the economic foundation of the feudal system?
A)retail merchants
B)agriculture
C)manufacturing
D)international trading
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following statements exemplifies the argument that laws alone cannot always control behaviour?
A)Advisors could not always force compliance with recommendations they made to resolve a dispute.
B)Feudal lords developed a body of law to deal with disputes after they consolidated power in England.
C)Norman kings saw themselves as the injured party when a crime was committed.
D)Transnational corporations are often successful in pressuring governments to be exempt from certain laws and regulations.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Q1) Under the provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,which of the following best describes the role of the Supreme Court of Canada?
A)decides whether the Charter is a valid piece of legislation
B)declares invalid any piece of legislation that infringes on an individual's Charter rights
C)decides if the provincial government can introduce criminal legislation
D)helps judges determine common law that is applicable to the Criminal Code
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a penalty handed out to someone found NCRMD by a court of law?
A)conditional discharge
B)custody in a psychiatric facility
C)imprisonment in a correctional facility
D)absolute discharge
Answer: C
Q3) Automatism is a form of subjective mens rea.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following accurately depicts the police-reported Crime Severity Index in Canada from 1998 to 2013?
A)It decreased steadily.
B)It increased till about 1991 and has declined since.
C)It increased steadily.
D)It has remained virtually unchanged.
Q2) The dark figure of crime refers to violent personal crime such as murder and sexual assault.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is the basic unit of count for the court surveys?
A)the offence
B)the case
C)the individual
D)the judge
Q4) The homicide rate has been increasing at an alarming rate in Canada since 1961.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast the UCR Aggregate (UCR1.0)Survey and the UCR Incident-Based (UCR2.0)Survey.
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Q1) Explain the maturational reform thesis.How does this theory account for the decline of criminal behaviour after adolescence?
Q2) Which of the following statements does NOT represent a correlate of criminal behaviour?
A)Young men are overrepresented among criminal offenders.
B)Poverty and other social disadvantages are significant causes of criminal behaviour.
C)Poor neighbourhoods tend to have higher rates of crime.
D)There is a complex relationship between socio-economic status and criminal behaviour.
Q3) Which of the following statements best reflects the cultural theories of Aboriginal overrepresentation in the criminal justice system?
A)The sharing of material possessions implies reciprocal action in Aboriginal communities but in the dominant culture it is called theft.
B)Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system because of the culture of racist policing in mainstream society.
C)Three to four times as many Aboriginal people live in poor neighbourhoods.
D)A much smaller proportion of Aboriginal inmates have a high school education.
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) Discuss what is meant by the gender-ratio problem and describe the research that sought to explain this problem.
Q2) The cultural construction of rape refers to the different ways rape is perpetrated in different cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Criminalized women tend to be young,poor,undereducated,and unskilled.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following raises the issue of why women are less likely than men to be involved in crime?
A)the gender-ratio problem
B)the generalizability problem
C)the feminist approach
D)the women's liberation thesis
Q5) Describe what your textbook means by the "invisibility of women." What accounts for this invisibility within the realm of criminology? What are the implications (for criminology,crime prevention,and criminal justice)that results from the "invisibility of women"?
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Q1) Identify and describe the four steps that Canadian police forces must take to reach international standards in their response to victims of crimes.
Q2) Canada has truly become an international leader in establishing a comprehensive regime of rights for the victims of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to a 2011 report by the Department of Justice,which of the following figures is closest to the total annual cost of harm to crime victims in Canada in 2008?
A)$100 million
B)$1 billion
C)$10 billion
D)$100 billion
Q4) Identify and describe the different types of harms and costs incurred by victims of crime.
Q5) Why is the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1985 A/30/44 called the "Magna Carta for Victims"? Discuss how this resolution has influenced the institution of victim's rights in Canada and other countries.
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) Positive theorists claimed that crime could be controlled if society designed punishments to fit the crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following best represents Lombroso and colleagues' conclusions regarding criminal behaviour?
A)Crime is caused by biological factors beyond the individual's control.
B)Crime is caused by social factors beyond the individual's control.
C)Crime is caused by supernatural factors beyond the individual's control.
D)Crime is caused by personality factors beyond the individual's control.
Q3) In which of the following periods of European history did the classical school emerge and hence was most influenced by?
A)Medieval times
B)the Resistance
C)the Enlightenment
D)the Middle Ages
Q4) Discuss how the Classical theories of crime influenced the modern criminal justice system.What specific reforms were proposed that are still influential in Canada's criminal justice system today?
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bandura argues that criminal behaviour is a learned behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following does Hare refer to as "the single most important clinical construct in the criminal justice system"?
A)NCRMD
B)extraversion
C)psychopathy
D)incarcerated populations
Q3) "There is something psychologically wrong with offenders." Which of the following assumptions best describes explanations premised on that notion?
A)assumption of precipitating event
B)assumption of discriminating traits
C)assumption of unconscious determinants
D)assumption of offender deficit
Q4) Surprisingly,no instruments have been developed to reliably measure psychopathy in people.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Cloward and Ohlin,young people who experience are at risk of becoming involved in different types of gangs or subcultures.Which of the following is NOT one of these gangs or subcultures?
A)criminal
B)conflict
C)passivist
D)retreatist
Q2) It is well established that many African-American youth have been shut out of the mainstream economy due to racism.They are also disproportionately involved in gangs and drug trafficking.Which of the following theories best explains these two intertwined social problems?
A)social learning theory
B)differential association theory
C)strain theory
D)control theory
Q3) According to the Durkheim,crime is an abnormal feature of society since it takes away from the maintenance of stability.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did Sellin mean by the term "criminal norms?" How do criminal norms develop?
Q2) According to Spitzer,which of the following groups is an example of how capitalism indirectly creates a problematic surplus population?
A)student radicals
B)laid-off workers
C)the unemployed
D)those who use drugs to be able to cope with work
Q3) According to Sellin,what is the result in complex societies when diverse cultural groups maintain distinct conduct norms or cultural rules governing appropriate conduct?
A)Civil war erupts.
B)The State mediates any conflicts between these distinct groups.
C)A cultural conflict between the conduct norms of the different cultural groups may emerge.
D)Social cohesion tends to increase.
Q4) Describe how left realism is distinguished from Marxist theories of crime.
Q5) Distinguish between Instrumental Marxism and structural Marxism.
Q6) Describe and critique Greenberg's Marxian explanation of juvenile crime.
Q7) Outline the main assumptions of Quinney's conflict theory of crime.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Q1) Which of the following concepts best represents the following statement: "Opening up language to the silent,background suppositions that give words and phrases their meaning with the intention of encountering the hidden and excluded elements of language,meaning,and experience"?
A)attentive gaze
B)a state of exception
C)dangerous knowledge
D)deconstruction
Q2) What is the name applied by Chapter 12 to the group of scholars who,during the reign of Thatcher,Reagan,and Mulroney governments,advocated for more punitive sanctions for crime?
A)right realists
B)left realists
C)administrative criminologists
D)criminal justice apologists
Q3) Wacquant's critical criminological interpretation of Bourdieu is to accept "criminalized" identities as constructed through criminal law
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) List and explain at least for of the nine propositions that comprise Sutherland's differential association theory.
Q2) Which of the following is an agent of social control?
A)police
B)parents
C)offenders
D)victims
Q3) Summarize the main tenets of the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism and how it has influenced criminology.
Q4) Describe the implications of a master status for secondary deviation.
Q5) What two areas of interactionist theories can be seen in the context of socialization into crime?
A)the process of differential association and acquisition of a criminal identity
B)the process of differential association and acquisition of a social control identity
C)the process of differential association and psycho-analytical theories of crime
D)the acquisition of a social control identity and group conflict theory
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Thrasher,all adolescent gangs engage in delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following institutions affects delinquency when it binds its adherents to a moral community in which the teachings of this institution are salient and consistently reinforced?
A)school
B)community
C)the State
D)religion
Q3) One of the policy implications of control theory is the need for psycho-analytical therapy to be provided to delinquent youth.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Reiss,which of the following does not represent a social control?
A)ties to one's family
B)ties to one's neighbourhood
C)ties to one's job
D)ties to one's school
Q5) What challenges face social control theory when explaining "upper-world crime"?
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Q1) Which of the following theories argues that crime will not occur unless there is a motivated offender,a suitable target,and ineffective guardianship of that target?
A)routine activity theory
B)group conflict theory
C)rational choice theory
D)interactionist theory
Q2) Which of the following theories argues that people break the law because they believe crime will provide a reward?
A)routine activity theory
B)group conflict theory
C)rational Choice theory
D)interactionist theory
Q3) Into which of Ronald Clarke's categories of situational crime prevention techniques does alcohol-free events fit?
A)increase the risks
B)remove excuses
C)increase the effort
D)reduce the rewards
Q4) To what extent does imprisonment deter crime?
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following characteristics distinguishes organized crime from a riotous mob?
A)There is a conspiracy to commit serious illegal acts.
B)There is specialization/division of labour.
C)There is a systematic pattern to the relationship of the offenders.
D)There is insulation against enforcement and prosecution.
Q2) Explain how public policies and geopolitical factors have made Canada a haven for smuggling.
Q3) Governments help create underground markets and organized crime through their policies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Alien conspiracy theory was first applied to Italian-American organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Vietnamese groups are the most widespread and powerful Asian criminal genres operating in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How can organized crime be differentiated from unorganized crimes?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) The bankruptcy of WorldCom,a long-distance telephone service provider,can be largely attributed to which of the following?
A)consumer safety issues
B)overpayment for a number of smaller companies purchased
C)a fraud based on non-existent profits
D)faulty products
Q2) Which of the following was the Bre-X scandal an example of?
A)insider trading
B)pump and dump
C)a Ponzi scheme
D)selling a stock short
Q3) Corporate involvement in crime is a relatively new phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Document and explain the physical and social harm caused by white-collar crime in Canada.
Q5) Explain the distinction between occupational crime and organizational crime.Provide two to three hypothetical examples for each.
Q6) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) According to the textbook,we need to step outside criminology to better understand cyberbullying and motives of online offenders.Why do we need to step outside of criminology?
A)to draw from terminologies used in other relevant fields,such as digital media and communications
B)to draw from legal terminologies concerning cybercriminality
C)to draw from more psychologically-based terminologies regarding criminal offending
D)to draw from more sociologically-based theories of criminality
Q2) Within the context of exhibitionism,exposing one's body in explicit or suggestive fashion in the physical (offline)world is analogous to what in the digital (online)world?
A)cyber-stalking
B)sexting
C)internet trolling
D)cyber-bullying
Q3) Describe what is meant by the term "deviant cybercommunities." Provide at least two examples of a deviant cybercommunity.
Q4) Compare and contrast cybercrime with cyber terrorism.
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