Course Introduction
Community Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Community Psychology explores the relationships between individuals and their communities, emphasizing the role of social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors in shaping well-being and mental health. The course examines theories, research methods, and intervention strategies that promote social change, empowerment, and resilience at both individual and collective levels. Students learn to analyze community problems, design collaborative solutions, and advocate for policies that enhance quality of life, equity, and inclusion, with a focus on prevention and the use of ecological and systems-based approaches.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 5th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Q1) What is a construal? Describe two different ways in which a person might construe the same situation.
Answer: A construal is an interpretation or inference about the stimuli or situations people confront.Several answers regarding the ways in which a person construes a situation are acceptable.For example,the same person may be construed as a migrant worker or an undocumented immigrant.
Q2) Which of the following do people share with animals,especially higher primates?
A) social taboos
B) belief in the supernatural
C) wariness around spiders
D) facial expressions
Answer: D
Q3) ________ is observing and copying another person's body language and is a form of ________ processing.
A) Somatic parroting; conscious
B) Somatic parroting; nonconscious
C) Ideomotor mimicry; conscious
D) Ideomotor mimicry; nonconscious
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Q1) Dr.Samanta is interested in how personality changes over adolescence.She enrolls a sample of 10-year-olds and follows them through age 17.This kind of study is known as a(n)________ study.
A) observational
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) mixed design
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher who runs the same study a second time to see if the results are the same is attempting to
A) evaluate the internal validity of the study.
B) evaluate the external validity of the study.
C) replicate the results.
D) improve the results.
Answer: C
Q3) Describe the necessary components of a true experiment.
Answer: Several answers are acceptable,including the following: A true experiment involves randomly assigning participants to experimental and control conditions.The only difference between these conditions must be the level of the independent variable.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Q1) Recall that Berglas and Jones (1978)led male participants to believe that they were going to either succeed or have difficulty on an upcoming test.Next,participants were given the chance to ingest either a performance-enhancing drug or a performance-inhibiting drug.Who preferred the performance-inhibiting drug?
A) all participants, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty
B) no participants, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty
C) participants who thought they would succeed on the test
D) participants who thought they would have difficulty on the test
Answer: D
Q2) Members of which of the following tend to have interdependent self-construals?
A) New Zealand
B) many African cultures
C) many Northern European cultures
D) the United States
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About
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Q1) How accurate are snap judgments? Take a position one way or the other and support it with two pieces of evidence.
Q2) ________ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world,and ________ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.
A) Deductive; inductive
B) Attentive; elaborative
C) Bottom-up; top-down
D) Perceptual; constructive
Q3) Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ________ terms,and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ________ terms.
A) abstract; concrete
B) concrete; abstract
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative
Q4) Imagine you are part of a marketing team designing an ad campaign for an expensive new sneaker.Define spin framing and then design an ad for the sneaker using this approach.
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Q1) Sarah and William got into an argument.The next day,Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did.According to the actor-observer difference,Sarah should think,
A) "I wonder what I did to make William so angry."
B) "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty."
C) "William must have had a bad day, but I am just plain nasty."
D) "I wonder what William did to make me so angry."
Q2) Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?
A) How often does Tina engage in binge drinking?
B) Why did Larissa break up with Tom?
C) What did Bob say in response to Jim's insult?
D) Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance?
Q3) The Westlake Hills Little League team just lost a game.According to research on attribution biases,right after the game,the Westlake Hills coach is likely to say,
A) "We just do not seem to have what it takes to be a winning team."
B) "Some of the team members just did not seem motivated to win."
C) "Our opponents played better than ever today."
D) "You guys really played well today."
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7
Chapter 6: Emotion
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Q1) Display rules are
A) principles that govern how experimental research on emotion is conducted.
B) universal facial expressions of emotion that are found in most cultures.
C) genetically determined predispositions to form certain types of facial expressions in response to stimuli.
D) culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.
Q2) Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral judgments.
Q3) Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?
A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) serotonin
Q4) Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes.She found that ________ emotions led participants to ________.
A) negative; use stereotypes when forming judgments
B) positive; categorize objects in more inclusive ways
C) negative; produce more unique responses to a word association task
D) positive; behave more selfishly
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Q1) For obvious reasons,department store managers strongly disapprove of shoplifters.However,some stores allow shoplifters to leave with merchandise! These stores do not want to create a scene that will disturb good patrons.This scenario illustrates the social psychological finding that
A) attitudes are determined by reasoned action.
B) behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.
C) prevailing norms of appropriate behavior are irrational.
D) attitudes prompt attitude-consistent behaviors.
Q2) The ________ effect suggests that our intrinsic interest in an activity may diminish if we begin to receive a payoff for completing the task.According to ________ theory,this is in part because we observe ourselves doing the task for the payoff and infer that we must not enjoy the task much in its own right after all.
A) overjustification; self-perception theory
B) overjustification; cognitive dissonance
C) insufficient justification; self-perception
D) insufficient justification; cognitive dissonance
Q3) Attitudes often fail to predict behavior with the accuracy we might expect.Explain how this failure could result from the level of specificity in which the attitudes and behaviors are measured.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Q1) Shared attention refers to a phenomenon whereby
A) people are more attentive to persuasive messages when they are within a group with at least three other people.
B) people are more easily persuaded by persuasive messages when they are within a group with at least three other people.
C) people are less often persuaded by persuasive messages that they know are seen by a large group of others.
D) people pay more careful attention to persuasive messages that they know are seen by a large group of others.
Q2) George Gerbner and his colleagues (1986)studied whether the media (e.g.,prime-time television programming)shape a person's conception of social reality.They found that people who watched a lot of television
A) underestimated the proportion of U.S. citizens who have high-paying jobs.
B) were less likely to exhibit the third-person effect.
C) overestimated the prevalence of criminal activity.
D) had fewer opinions about how people are employed or how often crimes occur.
Q3) Define the concept of embodiment and give one example of how it can influence persuasion.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Q1) Research on gender and conformity shows that compared with women,men are
A) more likely to conform in stereotypically female domains (e.g., child rearing).
B) more likely to conform during face-to-face social interactions.
C) less likely to conform when the judgment at hand is ambiguous.
D) more likely to conform in stereotypically male domains (e.g., cars).
Q2) Going into a group meeting at work,you are concerned that you will end up conforming to the rest of the group on decisions,even when you disagree.Which of the following factors could influence whether you conform?
A) feeling uncertain about the topic at hand
B) recognizing that other group members have more status than you do
C) having to share your opinion with group members
D) All of the answer options are correct.
Q3) Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo,but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer.According to reactance theory,
A) she will become even more committed to Romeo.
B) she will become less committed to Romeo but will not break up with him.
C) she will break up with Romeo.
D) her commitment to Romeo will remain unchanged.
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11
Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Q1) According to the evolutionary perspective,why are women more selective than men in their choice of mates?
A) Women invest more in the offspring than males.
B) Women tend to be more emotionally mature than males.
C) Women compete more with other women for male attention (intrasex competition).
D) Women tend to have more sexual partners than men.
Q2) Recall that Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers.Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?
A) anxious-ambivalent
B) secure
C) communal
D) avoidant
Q3) The mere exposure effect can be explained in part by A) reciprocity.
B) operant learning.
C) equity.
D) classical conditioning.
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) Define stereotype threat and give an example of a situation in which a person may experience it.
Q2) How do threats to self-esteem impact people's attitudes toward outgroup members? Provide one example of a relevant study.According to social identity theory,why do self-esteem threats have this effect?
Q3) In experiments employing the minimal group paradigm,a majority of participants are more interested in maximizing their ________ than in maximizing their ________.
A) relative gain; absolute gain
B) absolute gain; relative gain
C) group harmony; competitive edge
D) competitive edge; group harmony
Q4) While sitting in a restaurant with a friend,John looks across the street and sees a black man and a white man fighting.Research suggests that if John is white,he is likely to assume that the
A) white man made a racist remark.
B) black man made a racist remark.
C) white man was behaving aggressively.
D) black man was behaving aggressively.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Groups
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Q1) According to the textbook,which of the following statements is NOT among the reasons evolutionary psychologist believe that humans developed a psychological need to be with others and belong?
A) Groups help in terms of protection from predators.
B) Groups increase the efficiency with which people can find and share food.
C) Groups allow people to socialize.
D) Groups increase protection from hostile aggressors.
Q2) Research on social facilitation warrants some practical advice.All of the following recommendations are supported by this research EXCEPT when A) students want to memorize unfamiliar information, they should do it alone.
B) students want to review material they have already learned, they should not do it in a study group.
C) supervisors want their employees to do simple tasks well, they should have the employees do them in the presence of others.
D) supervisors want their employees to complete challenging tasks, they should give employees some privacy.
Q3) Describe the persuasive arguments and social comparison explanations for why group polarization occurs.
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Q1) Describe how,and under what circumstances,the presence of guns relates to aggression.
Q2) Nisbett and Cohen (1996)studied regional differences in aggression.Their research indicates that
A) compared to northern men, southern men are more sensitive to insults.
B) higher homicide rates in the South are due to more lenient gun control laws.
C) conflict is less prevalent among southerners than among northerners because social norms in the South emphasize friendliness and politeness.
D) homicide is less common in the South than in the North.
Q3) Research by Frank and Gilovich (1988)examined the penalty records of professional football and professional hockey teams found that teams that wore ________ uniforms were penalized more often for aggressive play.
A) blue
B) black
C) brown
D) yellow
Q4) Define the concepts of dehumanization and reactive devaluation and provide a real-world example of how each of these processes can increase group conflict.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) What does research suggest about the connection between social class and altruism?
A) People who are wealthy give a higher proportion of their incomes to charity.
B) People who are not wealthy give a higher proportion of their incomes to charity.
C) People who are wealthy give more to charity, as long as they live in rural areas.
D) People who are wealthy do not give more to charity, but they show higher levels of empathic concern for those in need.
Q2) Define reputation and explain how knowledge of other people's reputations influences cooperation.
Q3) In many industrialized nations,strong social norms dictate efforts to behave in a cool,calm,and collected manner in public,especially during emergencies.Unfortunately,this norm can promote A) reciprocal indifference.
B) altruism.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) bystander intervention.
Q4) Describe the tit-for-tat strategy and evaluate its effectiveness.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Application Module 1 : Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) Richard is a fairly wealthy man.As part of a research study,Richard is asked to indicate which rung of a ladder best represents his socioeconomic rank.How is Richard most likely to respond?
A) He will select one of the highest rungs.
B) He will select one of the middle rungs.
C) He will select one of the lowest rungs.
D) His response will depend on his subjective construal of his relative rank.
Q2) Which of the following does the textbook NOT recommend as a means of reducing stress?
A) seeking out stressful situations to stimulate resilience
B) practicing meditation
C) exercising regularly
D) cultivating positive emotions
Q3) What does research suggest about the relationship between close social connections and health outcomes? What factors are believed to explain this relationship?
Q4) Explain how rumination may contribute to chronic stress and then describe one way that rumination can be reduced.
17
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Chapter 16: Application Module 2 : Social Psychology and Educatio
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Q1) Explain the principle of entertainment-education and give an example of how it could be utilized in current American television or other media to influence people's attitudes and behaviors regarding a certain value.
Q2) A radio soap opera in Tanzania is designed to combat the spread of HIV.This is an example of
A) incremental intelligence.
B) entertainment-education.
C) value-based education.
D) teaching principles.
Q3) Lehman and Nisbett (1990)studied the effects of different college majors on students' ability to use statistical and methodological principles in their reasoning.What did they find?
A) Students who majored in the humanities improved their reasoning abilities the most.
B) College major did not influence students' reasoning abilities.
C) Students majoring in psychology and other social sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
D) Students majoring in the natural sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Application Module 3 :social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) Describe the three components that contribute to one's sense of procedural justice and provide an example of each.
Q2) Loftus and Pickrell (1995)persuaded the family members of college students to tell stories about when their student relative was 5 years old,including one "story" that was actually fake and never really happened.How did the students respond?
A) All the students were able to distinguish between the true stories and the fake one.
B) About 25 percent of the students "recalled" the fake event.
C) Students who were more suggestible "recalled" the fake event.
D) About 90 percent of the students "recalled" the fake event.
Q3) Tina is a defense attorney working on a grand larceny (i.e.,stealing a large amount of money)case.Given what you know about jury selection concerns,whom does Tina NOT want to be placed on the jury?
A) Laura, a mother of three
B) Dao, a social worker
C) Marco, a physical therapist
D) Lyn, a wealthy executive
Q4) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
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