
Course Introduction
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Course Introduction
Community Health explores the principles and practices aimed at improving the health and well-being of populations at the community level. This course covers topics such as disease prevention, health promotion, epidemiology, social determinants of health, and health policy. Students will examine the roles of community health workers, public health agencies, and other stakeholders in assessing community needs, planning and implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes. Emphasis is placed on collaborative approaches, cultural competence, and ethical considerations in addressing health disparities and fostering healthy communities.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding the Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition by Eileen Willis
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282 Verified Questions
282 Flashcards
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Q1) The philosophy of economic rationalism has generated the practice of 'new public management' to make the public sector,funded by government,more efficient.This means that government services:
A)are given increased funding to ensure high productivity
B)take up ideas from other countries with similar health sectors to Australia
C)are run like a private company through competitive practices such as outsourcing,performance management and turning some services into private business
D)seek public-private partnerships
Answer: C
Q2) Freidson argued that professions were characterised by:
A)a license to practise provided by an authority
B)a strong basis in science
C)a capacity to influence government policy
D)a strong service ethic,scientific training,and autonomy of practice
Answer: D
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Q1) What percentage of Medicare services were bulk-billed in 2013-2014?
A)68.6%
B)77.2%
C)52.74%
D)81.2%
Answer: B
Q2) In the context of the Australian health care system,the federal government is responsible for:
A)funding major public health programs
B)providing health care services
C)providing public dental services
D)managing public hospitals
Answer: A
Q3) The rebate provided by Medicare for eligible medical services is based on what?
A)Schedule fee
B)Bulk-billing
C)Co-payment
D)Medicare Safety Net
Answer: A
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Q1) The majority of which of the following services are part of the private sector of health care in Australia?
A)Admitted-patient days
B)Hospital beds
C)Radiology and pathology services
D)Acute hospital care
Answer: C
Q2) Which state of Australia hosts the most private day hospital facilities?
A)Queensland
B)New South Wales
C)Victoria
D)South Australia
Answer: B
Q3) Religious orders were responsible for the founding of which of the following?
A)Public hospitals
B)Private hospitals
C)Bush nursing hospitals
D)Large public hospitals in major cities and some private hospitals
Answer: D
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Q1) What is the primary role of a health system?
A)To cure all patients
B)To educate health professionals
C)To improve population health
D)To help everyone live longer
Q2) Health care systems are:
A)simple systems that involve a single transaction between patients and providers
B)free from government intervention
C)large and complex systems
D)easy to understand
Q3) While health policy is important to system reform,leadership is also key - what approach has been suggested as being important for leadership in health?
A)A collective approach rather than command and control
B)A command and control type of leadership
C)Leaders who are charismatic in their approach
D)The need to recruit born leaders into health care
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Q1) Public health and population health strategies are classified as more 'upstream' than medical treatment services.Which of the following are classified as 'upstream strategies'?
A)Behavioural incentives such as weight control and physical activity
B)Strategies focused on social and environmental change and health-promoting policies and practices
C)Strategies focused on disease and illness such as type 2 diabetes mellitus
D)Individual factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption
Q2) What percentage of the Commonwealth allocation from the health budget does public health receive?
A)Public health receives almost all of this health budget allocation (approximately 92%)
B)Public health receives about half of the health budget allocation (approximately 52%)
C)Public health receives about one-third of the health budget allocation (approximately 32%)
D)Public health receives a very small percentage of the health budget allocation (approximately 2%)
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Q1) Australia is a relatively rich country,and therefore there is little need for comprehensive primary health care programs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A model of community-based health service delivery and a philosophy about equity and fairness best describes:
A)population health care
B)public health care
C)selective health care
D)primary health care
Q3) What are the social determinants of health?
A)An area of the health care system that focuses on group interventions and disease management
B)A philosophy about equity and fairness in terms of access to affordable and appropriate health care
C)The social characteristics of living and working environments
D)The contemporary notions of selective primary health care
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Q1) The process of accreditation of health professions is handled by:
A)the AHPRA
B)universities and TAFE colleges in each state
C)the relevant professional association such as the ANMAC
D)the relevant professional association and the medical profession
Q2) Palliative care services are restricted to those people who:
A)need rehabilitation and sub-acute care
B)are in the last stages of life and are expected to die
C)are elderly and live in residential aged-care homes
D)are in need of interprofessional care
Q3) Which professions in the list below are part of the complementary system and are registered?
A)Naturopathy,homeopathy,iridology,remedial massage,reflexology
B)Chinese medicine,chiropractic,osteopathy
C)Social work,medicine,nursing,midwifery
D)Occupational therapy,audiology,diversional therapy
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Q1) The difference between the PBS and Medicare is:
A)the PBS is not available to all Australians,only those who receive welfare payments
B)one is for health care (Medicare)and the other is for medicines (PBS)
C)under the PBS pharmacists are unable to run a small business because they have to work for large chains
D)unlike doctors,pharmacists cannot charge above the pre-determined maximum for the cost of medicines
Q2) The purpose of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)is:
A)the dispensing of cheap prescriptions by local pharmacies for use by patients at home
B)an insurance scheme that covers the cost of medicines
C)to provide patients with medicines when they are discharged home from hospital
D)part of the Australian government's National Medicines Policy to provide safe,quality medicines in a timely and affordable manner
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Q1) Australia is moving away from a medical model for aged care to a social model.The social model of care focuses on:
A)providing appropriate services to people within their homes and communities
B)keeping people in residential care settings
C)consumer-directed care
D)choice
Q2) The Australian government is now focused on healthy ageing,highlighting the positive aspects of ageing.Healthy ageing has a strong association with quality of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Informal care contributes significantly to the care provided for older Australians,particularly as people are living longer.In addition to this care,the government provides funded care in the form of:
A)home care packages
B)referral services
C)home maintenance
D)subsidised housing
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Q1) The Australian health workforce distribution:
A)is equal across Australia
B)is predominantly located in major cities
C)reflects the population distribution across Australia
D)b and c
Q2) The use of geographical classification systems alone for the development of policy,the allocation of resources and service delivery model development is problematic,as they do not account for which of the following?
A)Health status
B)Environmental factors
C)Health literacy
D)Consumers' access to health care
E)All of the above
Q3) Which of the following examples of innovative Australian rural health service models is designed to meet communities' needs in diverse cultural and geographical settings?
A)e-health using telehealth systems and digital technology
B)mobile outreach services
C)integrated comprehensive primary health care services
D)all of the above

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Q1) What offers the greatest potential for improving health outcomes for Indigenous Australians?
A)Employing more traditional healers in mainstream services
B)Better partnerships between ACCHSs and mainstream services
C)The government taking control of ACCHSs
D)Indigenous people using mainstream services first
Q2) Indigenous health services and systems first commenced:
A)in the 1970s at Redfern,Sydney
B)with the arrival of Western medicine
C)thousands of years ago with practices that are ongoing today
D)un Central Australia
Q3) Contemporary Indigenous-controlled health services,such as Redfern AMS,were developed:
A)in response to discrimination in mainstream services
B)to provide a culturally appropriate system
C)to address the poor health and early mortality of Indigenous people
D)all of the above
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Q1) 'Capacity' is one factor in the decision to commit a person to involuntary care.Capacity is best understood as the:
A)ability to make decisions regarding one's own health care
B)ability to undertake everyday tasks
C)willingness to take medications
D)potential for harm
Q2) The latest plan (the Fourth National Mental Health Plan) within the National Mental Health Strategy focuses on:
A)the initial movement of people from institutionalised care to community care
B)a whole-of-government approach to mental health care
C)the funding of acute inpatient facilities
D)a reduction in community mental health services
Q3) A recovery approach to mental health and mental illness is characterised by:
A)a biomedical model of care aimed at curing mental illness
B)a focus on the abnormal and deviancy of the illness
C)a horizontal approach to health care
D)a focus on living with the illness
Q4) One in five people will experience mental health problems in any year.
A)True
B)False

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Q1) Health and human service professionals need to work collaboratively and in conjunction with disability services and developmental educators to ensure that people living with disability can make informed decisions about their well-being.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The National Disability Insurance Scheme aims to improve the lives of people living with disability because it:
A)reduces access to mainstream health and human services for people living with disability and promotes private services
B)discourages people living with disability from being service recipients.
C)supports mainstream health and human services to be accessible to a diverse range of people
D)gives as much control as possible over services to health and human services so that they can meet standards and manage health budgets as a priority
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Q1) What are the primary systems by which Australian governments address the recovery and rehabilitation of injured and ill workers?
A)Workcover Australia
B)Return to Work Australia
C)Safe Work Australia
D)Workers' Compensation
Q2) Which of the following most accurately describes the Australian workers' compensation systems?
A)In addition to having one system for each state and territory,there are also three Commonwealth systems
B)There is one system (WorkCover)that regulates all of the states and a separate system (WorkSafe)that regulates workers' compensation in the territories
C)One system is in place for each of the states and territories and this is regulated by a Commonwealth system
D)One Commonwealth system is in place which is responsible for workers' compensation across all of Australia.
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Q1) Which of the following CAM modalities requires a minimum undergraduate degree to practise?
A)Ayurvedic medicine
B)Nutritional medicine
C)Reiki
D)Remedial massage
Q2) The 2013 report by The National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM)stated that spending on CAM by Australians annually is in excess of:
A)$2 million
B)$3.5 million
C)$5.0 million
D)$1.0 million
Q3) What term describes a concept of energy in promoting or stimulating healing in CAM?
A)Ch'i
B)Life force
C)Prana
D)All of the above
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Q1) How much of Australian dental services are funded by the Commonwealth government?
A)Approximately 86%
B)Approximately 56%
C)Approximately 26%
D)Approximately 16%
Q2) What is the role of dental therapists?
A)To service children,adolescents and young adults by providing fillings and tooth removal,additional oral care and oral health education and promotion for individuals and communities
B)To carry out reception and administration duties,support the provision of clinical dental care by preparing patients and,with extra training,to take X-rays and provide oral health education
C)To provide periodontal/gum treatment,preventive services and other oral care for people of all ages
D)To construct and repair dentures and other dental appliances,working closely with a dentist or dental prosthetist,but usually having no patient contact.
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Q1) Which of the following statements about enrolled nurses (ENs)is true?
A)ENs have completed a three-year Bachelor of Nursing program
B)ENs are responsible for patient assessments and decisions regarding the delegation of care and assessment
C)ENs can supervise aged-care workers or care assistants
D)ENs are usually educated to Australian Quality Framework level 6 or 7
Q2) The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA)regulates the qualifications that lead to all of the following nursing roles except:
A)enrolled nurse
B)registered nurse
C)nurse practitioner
D)advanced practice nurse
Q3) 'Advanced clinical activities in an area of clinical nursing specialty with limited initiation and supply of medications under protocol.' This statement describes the scope of practice of which nursing role?
A)Enrolled nurse
B)Registered nurse
C)Advanced practice nurse
D)Nurse practitioner
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Q1) The introduction of the Bachelor of Midwifery (three-year program)commenced in Australia in:
A)2000 B)2001
C)2002 D)2003
Q2) There are no gaps between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous maternity outcomes. A)True
B)False
Q3) Midwives have a responsibility to provide evidence of 20 hours of continuing professional development. A)True B)False
Q4) Midwifery was recognised as a profession in its own right in: A)2000 B)2005 C)2010 D)2015
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Q1) Ambulance services have innovated their service delivery models by:
A)introducing new roles such as community paramedics
B)further up-skilling and training to specialist roles such as intensive-care and extended-care paramedics
C)introducing new service delivery models
D)all of the above
Q2) Ambulance services are funded by:
A)the Commonwealth government through Medicare
B)private health insurance companies
C)non-government organisations (NGOs)
D)state and territory governments,private health insurance and user payments
Q3) In modern times,pre-hospital care and transport has developed through:
A)evidence-based practice and research
B)conflict and wars,based on the system of prioritising who received medical treatment (triage)and methods of transportation (helicopters)
C)vocational training or an apprenticeship-style system
D)Volunteer actions and experiences
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Q1) In Australia,the accreditation of nutritionists:
A)is performed on a voluntary basis
B)occurs through the Dietetics Association of Australia
C)is only required if a nutritionist works in a community setting
D)enables them to direct the clinical management of patients
Q2) Membership of the Dietitians Association of Australia has almost doubled since 2008,which makes dietetics one of the largest allied health professions in Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To be eligible to become an accredited practicing dietitian (APD)with the Dietitians Association of Australia,a person must complete which of the following?
A)The relevant university training programs and six months of community service
B)The relevant university training programs
C)The relevant undergraduate training programs,a defined ongoing professional development program and at least one year of mentorship
D)The relevant university training programs and at least two years of mentorship
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Q1) Which of the following is true with respect to educational requirements for becoming a physiotherapist in Australia?
A)The first recorded program to teach graduates to become physiotherapists was a Diploma course in the 1930s
B)A Bachelor's or Master's degree has always been required as a minimum to obtain registration to work as a physiotherapist in Australia
C)In the 1990s,physiotherapy Master's courses were introduced and are now the only educational pathway to become a physiotherapist
D)There are no physiotherapy doctoral programs offered in Australia
Q2) A key role of the Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA)is:
A)advocating for the physiotherapy profession in Australia
B)monitoring the registration details of physiotherapists in Australia
C)advising on university education curricula for training physiotherapist graduates
D)facilitating the assessment of overseas physiotherapists to enable them to work in Australia
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Q1) The first formal occupational therapy educational programs emerged around:
A)1855
B)1893
C)1914
D)1942
Q2) Active engagement in meaningful occupation generally promotes,facilitates and maintains health and well-being.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which if the following is NOT correct with respect to occupational therapists in Australia?
A)Educational programs within Australia are typically at Bachelor's or Master's degree level
B)The number of occupational therapy positions is likely to decline over the next five years
C)Registration under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency is mandatory before working as an occupational therapist
D)Therapists work in a client-centred framework
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Q1) A primary goal of AEP-led exercise interventions is to:
A)cure an individual of their chronic disease
B)increase the strength and fitness of individuals to elite athlete levels
C)improve the clinical status of an individual with chronic disease
D)prevent chronic disease from developing
Q2) In 2006,accredited exercise physiologists were approved to provide clinical exercise services for people with chronic medical conditions under which scheme?
A)Medicare Australia
B)Department of Veteran Affairs Support
C)Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service
D)Private Health Insurance Rebate Scheme
Q3) During initial assessment,the objective of AEP-led exercise tests is to:
A)determine a safe range of exercise intensities
B)diagnose underlying cardiovascular disease that limits exercise capacity
C)determine how well a patient's cardiovascular system can tolerate maximal exercise
D)replace the role of cardiologists
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Q1) Which element distinguishes between practice models in audiology and in speech pathology?
A)an emphasis on device provision
B)an emphasis on communication
C)an emphasis on early intervention
D)an emphasis on patient- and family-centred care
Q2) What are the potential implications of a speech and/or language impairment in a young child if the condition continues?
A)Impaired learning of spoken language
B)Impaired development of reading and writing
C)Impaired social relationships
D)All of the above
Q3) You see a two-year-old child who is understanding instructions and conversation.His speech is clear but he is only using a few single words to express himself.What is the most likely type of communication impairment he is experiencing?
A)receptive language impairment
B)expressive language impairment
C)speech impairment
D)all of the above
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Q1) Several core competencies that good health care managers need have been identified.Which of the following is not one of these competencies?
A)A problem-solving focus
B)Evidence-informed decision-making
C)Knowledge of the health care environment and the organisation
D)Leadership
Q2) Which of the following statements about management challenges in health care and other organisations is true?
A)Other organisations tend to be more complex than health care organisations,and this is reflected in the management challenges
B)Politics and health care are tightly linked - this adds to the challenges of management in health care organisations
C)Decision-making by management in health care is usually directed by one person
D)All of the above
Q3) Ethical practice is the ability to correctly see a situation.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Competition among graduating student pharmacists for internships within hospitals is high.Which of the following perceptions of students is NOT likely to drive this competition?
A)Hospital pharmacists are paid well
B)Hospital pharmacists use a wide range of clinical skills
C)Hospital pharmacists can have a significant impact on patient care
D)The role of the hospital pharmacist is particularly patient-centred
Q2) When dispensing a prescription,the pharmacist is duty-bound to make judgments about the appropriateness of the medicine.Which of the following is the pharmacist NOT required to make judgments about?
A)Whether the medicine is suitable for the condition prescribed
B)Whether the patient is likely to be capable of following the directions
C)Whether the dose is appropriate
D)Whether the diagnosis made by the prescriber is correct
Q3) Medicine problems are linked to the following proportion of hospital admissions in Australia:
A)less than 0.5%
B)between 1% and 2%
C)between 2% and 3%
D)between 3% and 8%

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Q1) Which of the following was put in place by the Australian government to replace Medicare Locals?
A)Local Hospital Networks
B)Primary Health Organisations
C)Divisions of General Practice
D)Primary Health Networks
Q2) What is the ratio of physicians to population in Australia?
A)1 per 1 000
B)3 per 1 000
C)6 per 1 000
D)10 per 1 000
Q3) Which of the following describes a registrar?
A)A medical graduate who is completing a year of compulsory supervised practice
B)A doctor who has completed their internship but has not yet completed pre-vocational training
C)A doctor who is training to become a specialist
D)A doctor who has completed all required training and examinations and specialist medical college requirements in a particular branch of medicine
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