Colonial and Revolutionary America
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the history of North America from the age of European exploration through the American Revolution and the early years of the United States. Students will examine the complex interactions between Indigenous peoples, European colonizers, and African populations, focusing on how social, economic, political, and cultural forces shaped colonial societies. Key themes include colonial settlement and expansion, labor systems such as slavery and indentured servitude, the evolution of colonial governance, religious movements, and the origins of American resistance leading to revolution. The course culminates with an analysis of the causes, course, and consequences of the American Revolution and the formation of the new nation.
Recommended Textbook
The Brief American Pageant A History of the Republic Volume I To 1877 9th Edition by David M. Kennedy
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Chapter 1: New World Beginnings
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Q1) What occurred in the centuries after Columbus's arrival in the New World?
A) Europeans were ravaged by new diseases.
B) Native Americans were successfully cultivating the European crop of tobacco.
C) Native Americans had developed a taste for sugar.
D) The Apache and Sioux tribes were wiped out by warfare with European explorers.
E) Roughly 90 percent of the Native American population perished.
Answer: E
Q2) Nomadic Asian hunters - most likely the first humans to enter the American continents - were
A) conquered by Vikings from Scandinavia.
B) warrior peoples.
C) the immigrant ancestors of Native Americans.
D) enslaved by the first European explorers.
E) believed to be responsible for cultivating maize.
Answer: C
Q3) caravel
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Q1) What is one of the events that made 1619 an important year in American history?
A) Blacks from Africa were first brought to English America.
B) Tobacco was first cultivated in Jamestown.
C) The House of Burgesses was established for the Maryland colony.
D) Jamestown was founded.
E) Puritans arrived in Massachusetts Bay.
Answer: A
Q2) The cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown resulted in all of the following EXCEPT
A) the destruction of the soil.
B) a great demand for controlled labor.
C) soaring prosperity in the colony.
D) diversification of the colony's economy.
E) the plantation system.
Answer: D
Q3) Roanoke Island
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q4) Jamestown
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q5) "starving time"
Answer: Answers will vary.
4
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Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies,1619-1700
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Q1) After the Pequot War,Puritan efforts to convert Indians to Christianity can best be described as
A) vigorous but unsuccessful.
B) more zealous than those made by Catholics, but still unsuccessful.
C) filling "praying towns" with thousands of Indians.
D) feeble, and not equaling that of the Spanish or the French.
E) very successful.
Answer: D
Q2) Which phrase best describes John Winthrop?
A) A reactionary English archbishop who persecuted Puritans
B) A stern clergyman from Geneva associated with the doctrine predestination
C) A strong leader who served as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
D) A believer in religious toleration and supporter of Indian rights who was banished from Massachusetts
E) A wise, self-educated man who led Plymouth Colony in its early years
Answer: C
Q3) "Penn's Woodland"
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth
Century,1607-1692
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Q1) How did the changing nature of Puritan theology and New England's affect New England society? How were the Salem witch trials related to these developments?
Q2) The life expectancy of the first generations of Puritan colonists was A) about forty-five years.
B) notably higher than that of present-day Americans.
C) about seventy years, not much different from present-day Americans.
D) less than that of people in the South E) less than what it had been in Europe.
Q3) middle passage
Q4) By 1700,the most populous colony in English America was A) Massachusetts.
B) Virginia.
C) New York.
D) Pennsylvania.
E) Maryland.
Q5) Congregational Church
Q6) jeremiad
Q7) social structure
Q8) midwifery Page 6
Q9) "chattels"
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Chapter
5: Colonial Society on the Eve of
Revolution,1700-1775
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Q1) Most colonial schools and colleges emphasized
A) mathematics and natural sciences.
B) practical subjects like agriculture and forestry.
C) modern languages.
D) history and philosophy.
E) religion and classical languages.
Q2) What is LEAST characteristic of the Scots-Irish?
A) Fiercely independent
B) The pioneer settlers of the Appalachian frontier regions, where they continued their tradition of whiskey distilling
C) Generally Presbyterian
D) Originally from the Lowlands of Scotland
E) Great defenders of Indian rights
Q3) "jayle birds"
Q4) Zenger trial
Q5) Yankee seamen
Q6) What were the short-term and long-term consequences of the American colonists seeking foreign markets for their exports?
Q7) Andrew Hamilton
Q8) John Singleton Copley Page 8
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Chapter 6: The Duel for North America,1608-1763
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Q1) Benjamin Franklin's plan for colonial home rule was rejected by the individual colonies because
A) it did not provide for the common defense.
B) the British approved it.
C) it did not seem to give enough independence to the colonies.
D) the larger colonies felt that they should have greater representation.
E) it placed too much power in the hands of local governments.
Q2) James Wolfe
Q3) Which of the following do you think contributed most to the British victory in the French and Indian War: the leadership of William Pitt,the aid of American colonists,or the skill of the British regulars? Or was there another reason? Justify your choice.
Q4) It is sometimes observed that the roots of future wars lie in the results of past wars.In what ways did the French and Indian War help to cause the American Revolutionary War?
Q5) Samuel de Champlain
Q6) King William's War (War of the League of Augsburg)
Q7) scalping
Q8) British regulars
Q9) Acadia
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Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution 1763-1775
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Q1) Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A)clash at Lexington and Concord,(B)meeting of the First Continental Congress,(C)Quebec Act,and (D)Boston Tea Party.
A) C, D, A, B
B) B, A, C, D
C) D, C, B, A
D) A, B, D, C
E) A, D, C, B
Q2) inflation
Q3) Mercantilists believed that
A) a nation needed to import more goods than it exported.
B) imperial power was a detriment to free trade.
C) the mother country produced raw materials and colonies produced the finished product.
D) a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its treasury.
E) the less economic regulation, the better.
Q4) Discuss the ideologies of republicanism and mercantilism.How do both come to shape colonists' ideas about their destiny?
Q5) "no taxation without representation"
Page 11
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Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire,1775-1783
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Q1) An important purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to
A) warn other nations to stay out of the Revolution.
B) appeal to the Indians to join the revolutionary cause.
C) assert the superiority of American democracy.
D) explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted.
E) condemn Parliament for its actions.
Q2) The British forts in the wild Illinois country were
A) scattered and vulnerable to attack.
B) well defended by battle-hardened Redcoats.
C) under frequent attack by Indians allied with the Americans.
D) well positioned to defend the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys.
E) the launching pads for Iroquois attacks on Pennsylvania.
Q3) When the British evacuated Boston in March 1776,where did they reestablish their base of operations?
A) Charleston
B) Montreal
C) Saratoga
D) New York City
E) Trenton
Q4) burning of Falmouth and Norfolk
Page 12
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Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution,1776-1790
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Q1) Shays's Rebellion
Q2) Virginia Plan
Q3) Samuel Adams
Q4) Old Northwest
Q5) The American people were surprised by the results of the Constitutional Convention for several reasons.What is NOT one of these reasons?
A) The convention proceedings had been kept secret.
B) The ratification process outlined in the Articles of Confederation had been discarded for a new process.
C) The convention´s mandate was to revise the Articles of Confederation, not replace them.
D) Some felt the hard-fought principle of state sovereignty had been trampled.
E) The convention delegates seemed too diverse to reach any consensus.
Q6) The struggle over ratification led to
A) riotous disturbances in New York and Pennsylvania.
B) several deaths in Rhode Island.
C) the creation of the Democratic and Republican parties.
D) widespread rioting in several colonies.
E) a new era of less rancorous politics.
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Chapter
10: Launching the New Ship of State,1789-1800
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Q1) In the XYZ affair that so enraged Americans,French diplomats
A) secretly demanded a large loan, plus a bribe, of American envoys in Paris.
B) plotted with Spain to regain portions of the Old Northwest.
C) secretly negotiated with the British to lock the United States out of all trade in the West Indians.
D) secretly encouraged the Barbary states to attack American ships.
E) bribed newspaper editors in the United States to stir up anti-Federalist sentiment.
Q2) loose construction
Q3) Alien Laws
Q4) District of Columbia
Q5) Judiciary Act of 1789
Q6) strict construction
Q7) The _____ led to the trial and conviction of _____.
A) Sedition Act; ten Jeffersonian newspaper editors
B) Alien Laws; hundreds of recent immigrants
C) Sedition Act; ten Federalist newspaper editors
D) Alien Laws; Matthew Lyon
E) Sedition Acts; Citizen Genêt
Q8) Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
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Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic,1800-1812
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Q1) Thomas Jefferson received the bulk of his support from A) the South and West.
B) the middle Atlantic states.
C) the cities.
D) the upper classes.
E) the states of New England.
Q2) Thomas Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800" was most remarkable because it
A) finally brought the ideals of the Declaration of Independence to the White House. B) marked the peaceful, orderly transfer of power based on election results accepted by both rival parties.
C) enabled poor farmers and the working class to overthrow the American elite.
D) brought the principles of the French Revolution to America.
E) occurred with violence in only a few places.
Q3) Thomas Jefferson believed that his mission as president was to
A) return to the original spirit of the revolution.
B) end the republican experiment in government.
C) encourage the growth of the federal government.
D) end slavery.
E) support the establishment of a strong army and navy.
Page 15
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Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
of Nationalism,1812-1824
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Q1) Settlers from the South who moved into the Old Northwest territory were known as A) Dixiecrats.
B) Suckers.
C) Buckeyes.
D) Hoosiers.
E) Butternuts.
Q2) From a global perspective,the War of 1812 was
A) one of the turning points of nineteenth-century history.
B) more important to Europeans than to Americans.
C) of little importance.
D) a major contributor to the defeat of Napoleon.
E) the first important check on the rising British empire.
Q3) America's postwar nationalism manifested itself in
A) the debut of a new paper currency with patriotic designs.
B) the increase in school textbooks written by Americans for Americans.
C) the financial panic of 1819.
D) the Missouri Compromise debates.
E) the explorations of Lewis and Clark.
Q4) Stephen Decatur
Q5) Monroe Doctrine
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824-1840
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Q1) How did President Jackson accelerate the death of the Bank of the United States before its charter expired?
A) He suspended its charter early.
B) He encouraged voters to bank elsewhere.
C) He withdrew all federal funds.
D) He implemented harsh penalties for state banks that did business with the Bank of the United States.
E) He called in loans made to the bank and its depositors.
Q2) Which Native American group fought U.S.troops for seven years in an effort to hold onto their homelands?
A) Cherokee
B) Sauk
C) Seminole
D) Iroquois
E) Black Hawk
Q3) Alamo
Q4) Why was the election of 1824 so ridden with conflict and confusion? What was at stake between the competing candidates,especially Adams and Jackson?
Q5) independent treasury
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Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy,1790-1860
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Q1) The painter George Catlin advocated
A) placing Indians on reservations.
B) efforts to protect America's endangered species.
C) continuing the "rendezvous" system of fur trapping.
D) keeping white settlers out of the West.
E) the preservation of nature as a national policy.
Q2) Ancient Order of Hibernians
Q3) Erie Canal
Q4) transportation revolution
Q5) Why was industrialization slow to start in the United States,compared to Britain and Europe? What factors helped jumpstart American industrialization eventually?
Q6) National Road,or Cumberland Road
Q7) Native-born Americans especially distrusted and resented the Irish because these immigrants
A) were poor.
B) often drank too much liquor.
C) were almost all Roman Catholics.
D) frequently became police officers.
E) were slow to learn English.
18
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Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture,1790-1860
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Q1) The writer who faded into obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest geniuses in the twentieth century was
A) Louisa May Alcott.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Herman Melville.
E) Walt Whitman.
Q2) Horace Mann
Q3) Which early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiment was the most successful?
A) Brook Farm, Massachusetts
B) Oneida, New York
C) New Harmony, Indiana
D) Seneca Falls, New York
E) Shaker Heights, Ohio
Q4) communitarian
Q5) Amelia Bloomer
Q6) Elizabeth Blackwell
Q7) Brook Farm
Q8) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Q9) Adventists Page 19
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Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery
Controversy,1793-1860
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Q1) Plantation owners generally treated their slaves as
A) worthless beings to be brutally whipped and beaten.
B) valuable capital assets to be used to generate profits.
C) "children" within the master's family.
D) potentially dangerous rebels.
E) a skilled labor force to be trained and educated.
Q2) By 1860,there were about _____ free blacks living in the South,roughly the same number in the North.
A) 10,000
B) 100,000
C) 250,000
D) 750,000
E) a million
Q3) Consider the common forms of quiet,everyday resistance that slaves used,as well as the more dramatic individual and collective forms of resistance.Why was organized rebellion the rarest and least successful form of resistance? Which types of resistance do you think were the most effective for slaves seeking to maintain dignity and undermine masters´ control?
Q4) What were the benefits and costs of the cotton plantation system for the pre-Civil War South?
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Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy,1841-1848
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Q1) Today many Americans would regard the idea of a divinely ordained "manifest destiny" to expand across North America as presumptuous or dangerous.Why was the American outlook so different in the 1840s? How did Americans reconcile such aggressive expansion with their belief in democracy and liberty?
Q2) When the newly independent Mexico secularized the government of California, A) many native Californios turned to Protestantism.
B) slavery became an accepted practice.
C) convicts brought in by Spain were expelled.
D) California's Indians received better treatment.
E) Californios gained control of the land from the Franciscans.
Q3) Conscience Whigs
Q4) Abraham Lincoln
Q5) slavocracy
Q6) Tyler and the Whigs managed to compromise on the
A) bill creating the third Bank of the United States in 1843.
B) Tariff of 1842.
C) Walker Tariff.
D) annexation of Oregon.
E) elevation of young Abraham Lincoln to Secretary of State.
Q7) Military Academy at West Point
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Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle,1848-1854
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Q1) To what extent was there a resurgence of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s? What were the goals of American diplomacy at the time?
Q2) "personal liberty laws"
Q3) Stephen A.Douglas
Q4) Who was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1848 election?
A) Martin Van Buren
B) Henry Clay
C) Lewis Cass
D) Zachary Taylor
E) Winfield Scott
Q5) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Q6) According to the principle of "popular sovereignty," the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by
A) the state legislature after a territory was admitted to the Union.
B) a national referendum of the Electoral College.
C) congressional legislation.
D) the Supreme Court.
E) the vote of the people in the given territory.
Q7) John P.Hale
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Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion,1854-1861
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Q1) panic of 1857
Q2) In his raid on Harpers Ferry,John Brown intended to
A) call upon the slaves to rebel and establish a kind of black free state.
B) arouse the South to secede from the Union.
C) stir West Virginia to break away from Virginia as a free state.
D) demonstrate that blacks could fight for their freedom.
E) seize weapons to start a guerilla war against the federal government.
Q3) Uncle Tom's Cabin may be described as
A) a success in Europe, but not in the United States.
B) the most artistically accomplished novel ever written by an American.
C) the first successful novel published in America by a woman.
D) social realism at its finest.
E) the most important novel in American history in terms of its political impact.
Q4) American (Know-Nothing)Party
Q5) Roger B.Taney
Q6) "fire-eaters"
Q7) The authors argue that despite Lincoln's election in 1860,the South "was not badly off." What do they mean? Why,in spite of this,did southern states secede?
Q8) Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the
South,1861-1865
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Q1) President Lincoln proved a more effective wartime leader than Jefferson Davis partly because
A) he was more experienced.
B) he was able to rely on a stronger pool of military leaders.
C) he was a skilled interpreter and shaper of public opinion.
D) he led an army whose recruits were more prepared at the outset.
E) he got along better with British officials.
Q2) Explain the significance of the Border States to both the North and the South.How did they influence the shaping of Union strategy?
Q3) Fort Sumter
Q4) At the outset of the Civil War,which side seemed more likely to win? Is it more accurate to say that Union's strengths won the war,or that Confederate weaknesses caused it to lose? Give evidence of each side's strengths and weaknesses to back up your answer.
Q5) New York draft riots
Q6) Homestead Act
Q7) Laird rams
Q8) In what ways was the economic and social impact of the war similar in both North and South,and it what ways was it different? Page 25
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Q1) African Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War
A) carried out reprisals against captured slaveowners.
B) served mainly in military support units.
C) served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.
D) accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments.
E) refused to serve under white officers.
Q2) Ford's Theater
Q3) At the beginning of the Civil War,President Abraham Lincoln and northern newspapers expected that
A) the South would avoid the battlefield at all costs.
B) the conflict would incite a slave rebellion.
C) the war would be long and drawn out.
D) a quick Union military victory would show the folly of secession.
E) the Union would need to simply control the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
Q4) The North's "victory" at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to
A) issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
B) demand that Britain stop aiding the Confederacy.
C) force the Border States to remain in the Union.
D) keep General McClellan as commander of the Union forces.
E) suppress Copperhead opposition in the North.
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Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction,1865-1877
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Q1) One of the central issues in the struggle over how to carry out Reconstruction was
A) the treatment of the traitorous Copperheads.
B) how to reward the formerly slaveholding Border States for their loyalty.
C) civil and political rights for former slaves.
D) how to absorb the ex-slaves into political parties.
E) who should pay to rebuild Southern infrastructure, especially the railroads.
Q2) Both moderate and radical Republicans agreed that A) federal power must be used to bring about a social and economic revolution in the South.
B) blacks should be the foundation of a new allied political party in the South.
C) the federal government must become involved in the individual lives of American citizens.
D) Southern states should quickly be readmitted into the Union.
E) freed slaves must be granted the right to vote.
Q3) Ex parte Milligan (1866)
Q4) Assess the achievements and shortcomings of "radical" regimes in the South.What did they do that is worth admiring and worth condemning? What else might they have done to better achieve their goals?
Q5) Union League
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