College Physics I Final
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Course Introduction
College Physics I is an introductory course that explores the fundamental principles of physics with a primary focus on classical mechanics. Topics include motion, forces, energy, momentum, rotational dynamics, and the principles governing fluids, waves, and thermodynamics. Emphasizing conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills, the course integrates real-world applications and laboratory experiments to reinforce theoretical concepts. Intended for students pursuing studies in life sciences, pre-medical fields, or non-physics majors, College Physics I lays the foundation for more advanced scientific coursework.
Recommended Textbook
College Physics Strategic Approach with Mastering Physics 2nd Edition by Randall D. Knight
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Chapter 1: Representing Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following conversion equivalents are given:
1 m = 100 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 in A bin has a volume of 1.5 m<sup>3</sup>.The volume of the bin,in ft<sup>3</sup>,is closest to:
A)35
B)41
C)47
D)53
E)59
Answer: D
Q2) Add 3685 g and 66.8 kg and express your answer in milligrams (mg).
A)7.05 × 10<sup>7</sup> mg
B)7.05 × 10<sup>4</sup> mg
C)7.05 × 10<sup>5</sup> mg
D)7.05 × 10<sup>6 </sup>mg
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension
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Q1) A ball is thrown vertically upward and then comes back down.During the ball's flight up and down,its velocity and acceleration vectors are
A)always in opposite directions.
B)always in the same direction.
C)first in opposite directions and then in the same direction.
D)first in the same direction and then in opposite directions.
Answer: C
Q2) A car accelerates from 5.0 m/s to 21 m/s at a rate of 3.0 m/s<sup>2</sup>.How far does it travel while accelerating?
A)69 m
B)207 m
C)41 m
D)117 m
Answer: A
Q3) It is physically impossible for an object to have a negative acceleration and yet be speeding up.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions
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Q1) A ball is thrown at an angle above the horizontal from the top of a cliff and feels no air resistance.A runner at the base of the cliff moves horizontally so that she is always under the ball.In this runner's reference frame,the path of the ball is a straight line rather than a parabola.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Jordan ran up the hill at 7.0 m/s.The horizontal component of Jordan's velocity vector was 1.8 m/s.What was the angle of the hill?
A)75 degrees
B)57 degrees
C)33 degrees
D)15 degrees
Answer: A
Q3) To achieve maximum range of a projectile,for a fixed initial velocity,on Earth we must launch it at 45°.If we were at the moon should we do the same?
Answer: Yes,only g will be different at the moon.Note that in this case the presence of the atmosphere is neglected.
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Chapter 4: Forces and Newtons Laws of Motion
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Q1) Suppose the force of wind resistance is proportional to the speed of the object and in the direction opposite the object's velocity.If you throw an object upward,when is the magnitude of the acceleration the highest?
A)It is highest right after the object is released.
B)It is highest at the top of its trajectory.
C)The acceleration of the object is the same throughout the entire trajectory.
Q2) In outer space,an astronaut is working with two pieces of equipment that are outwardly identical.However,one of the objects has a slightly larger mass than the other.Since objects are weightless in space,how can the astronaut distinguish between the two objects?
Q3) A small car and an SUV are at a stoplight.The car has a mass equal to half that of the SUV,and the SUV's engine can produce a maximum force equal to twice that of the car.When the light turns green,both drivers floor it at the same time.Which vehicle pulls ahead of the other vehicle after a few seconds?
A)the car
B)the SUV
C)It is a tie.
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Chapter 5: Applying Newtons Laws
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the figure,a 10 lb weight is suspended from two spring scales,each of which has negligible weight.Thus
A)each scale will read 5 lb.
B)the top scale will read zero,the lower scale will read 10 lb.
C)the lower scale will read zero,the top scale will read 10 lb.
D)each scale will show a reading between one and 10 lb,such that the sum of the two is 10 lb.However,exact readings cannot be determined without more information.
E)None of these is true.
Q2) A falling body accelerates downward until the drag force of the air is equal to the object's weight.After that point,the object will gradually come to rest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you were to move into outer space far from any stars or planets,
A)your mass would change,but your weight would not change.
B)your weight would change,but your mass would not change.
C)both your weight and mass would change.
D)neither your weight nor your mass would change.
E)None of these is true.
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7
Chapter 6: Circular Motion,orbits,and Gravity
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Sample Questions
Q1) A new roller coaster contains a loop-the-loop in which the car and rider are completely upside down.If the radius of the loop is 13.2 m,with what minimum speed must the car traverse the loop so that the rider does not fall out while upside down at the top? Assume the rider is not strapped to the car.
A)11.4 m/s
B)12.5 m/s
C)10.1 m/s
D)14.9 m/s
Q2) Can a satellite be in an elliptical orbit under uniform circular motion?
Q3) If a highway curve is properly banked and posted at 45 mph,it is a good idea to drive somewhat below this speed if your tires are bald or if the road is icy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Satellites in orbit are accelerated toward Earth,so they must be getting closer and closer to our planet.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Rotational Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A machinist turns the power on to a grinding wheel,at rest,at time t = 0 s.The wheel accelerates uniformly for 10 s and reaches the operating angular velocity of 29 rad/s.The wheel is run at that angular velocity for 27 s and then power is shut off.The wheel slows down uniformly at 2.7 rad/s<sup>2</sup> until the wheel stops.In this situation,the average angular velocity in the time interval from t = 0 s to t = 25 s is closest to:
A)17 rad/s
B)15 rad/s
C)13 rad/s
D)11 rad/s
E)8.7 rad/s
Q2) A 0.18 m radius pulley is free to rotate about a horizontal axis.A 4.2 kg mass and a 8.0 kg mass are attached by a massless string,which is hung over the pulley.If the string does not slip,calculate the magnitude of the net torque on the pulley about its rotational axis.
A)6.7 N m
B)5.5 N m
C)7.6 N m
D)9.5 N m
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Chapter 8: Equilibrium and Elasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Do all points on a rigid,rotating body have the same angular acceleration? Support your answer.
Q2) A spring stretches by 21.0 cm when a 135 N object is attached.What is the weight of a fish that would stretch the spring by 44.9 cm?
A)289 N
B)63 N
C)176 N
D)405 N
Q3) A box of mass m is pulled with a constant acceleration a along a horizontal frictionless floor by a wire that makes an angle of 15 degrees above the horizontal.The tension in this wire is greater than ma.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If two forces of equal magnitude act on an object that is hinged at a pivot,the force acting farther from the pivot must produce the greater torque about the pivot.
A)True
B)False
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10
Chapter 9: Momentum
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Sample Questions
Q1) A block of mass m = 7.6 kg,moving on a frictionless surface with a speed v<sub>i</sub> = 7.6 m/s,makes a perfectly elastic collision with a block of mass M at rest.After the collision,the 7.6 kg block recoils with a speed of v<sub>f</sub> = 2.5 m/s.In the figure,the blocks are in contact for 0.20 s.The average force on the 7.6 kg block,while the two blocks are in contact,is closest to:
A)384 N
B)336 N
C)289 N
D)241 N
E)194 N
Q2) A rubber ball moving horizontally at 8.50 m/s hits a brick wall and bounces back with exactly the same speed but in the opposite direction.During this collision,its change in momentum is zero.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As a tile falls from the roof of a building to the ground its momentum is conserved.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Energy and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) A rubber ball is dropped from a height h above the ground.Describe the motion of the ball for many bounces if the collision is completely elastic.
Q2) A child does work to climb to the top of a slide,thus giving herself potential energy.Explain what has happened to all this potential energy as the child,still moving,nears the bottom of the (not frictionless)slide.
Q3) A 2.3 kg object moving at 7.3 m/s collides inelastically with a 4.0 kg object which is initially at rest.What percentage of the initial kinetic energy of the system is lost during the collision?
A)63 %
B)74 %
C)57 %
D)52 %
Q4) Describe the energy transfers that take place as you use a slingshot to shoot a rock into the air,it rises to a peak,then falls,and finally hits the ground and stops without bouncing.
Q5) A pendulum in a grandfather clock swings back and forth.Does the force of gravity do positive work on the pendulum at any point in its trajectory? If so,where?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Using Energy
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Q1) As you increase the difference between the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs,a Carnot engine converts a larger and larger percent of the heat put into it into work.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A thermometer flashes the temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit along with the time.If it flashes 25°F,what will the thermometer flash in Celsius?
A)-3.9°C
B)-18.1°C
C)77°C
D)13.9°C
Q3) If two different gases are at the same temperature,the average translational kinetic energy per molecule must be the same for both of them.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All real heat engines are less efficient than the Carnot engine.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Is liberating heat through combustion a reversible or an irreversible process?
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Chapter 12: Thermal Properties of Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Doubling the root mean square speed of the molecules of a gas has a greater effect on its pressure than doubling the number of gas molecules in the container.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When you compress a gas,the molecules get smaller.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you drop an ice cube at 0°C into boiling water,the ice will not change temperature until it has melted.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If you wanted to know how much the temperature of a particular piece of material would rise when a known amount of heat was added to it,which of the following would be most helpful to know?
A)initial temperature
B)specific heat
C)density
D)coefficient of linear expansion
E)thermal conductivity
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Chapter 13: Fluids
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Q1) If a uniform sphere is compressed to half of its original diameter,its mass remains the same but its density becomes 8 times as great.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the hydrostatic pressure at a certain depth in the ocean is 2 atm,the hydrostatic pressure will be 4 atm if you go twice as deep.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you increase the pressure on the surface of a can of water,you will increase the buoyant force on objects placed in that water.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When an object is floating,the buoyant force on it is just equal to its weight.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Oscillations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 0.25 kg harmonic oscillator has a total oscillation energy of 4.0 J.If the oscillation amplitude is 20.0 cm,what is the oscillation frequency?
A)4.5 Hz
B)1.4 Hz
C)2.3 Hz
D)3.1 Hz
Q2) A disk and a ball both of radius r and mass m,are suspended at a point on the edge of the object at the maximum radius.Which has the smaller period of oscillation?
A)ball
B)disk
C)the same
D)Not enough information
Q3) Simple harmonic motion occurs only if the restoring force is directly proportional to the first power of the displacement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Traveling Waves and Sound
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Q1) A wave travels on a string with amplitude velocity v = 90.0 cm/s.If the tension on the string is increased by 20.0%,how much would the transmitted power on the string change if the wavelength is kept constant?
A)854%
B)90.0%
C)45%
D)The wavelength is needed.
Q2) Crests of an ocean wave pass a pier every 12.0 s.If the waves are moving at 5.6 m/s,what is the wavelength of the ocean waves?
A)67 m
B)34 m
C)77 m
D)57 m
Q3) You are generating traveling waves on a stretched string by wiggling one end.If you suddenly begin to wiggle more rapidly,you will cause the waves to travel faster down the string.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Superposition and Standing Waves
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Q1) Two harmonic waves of the same frequency and phase but of different amplitudes move in opposite directions on a string.A periodic series of maxima and minima on the string are observed.What is the ratio of the maximum displacement at a minimum position to that at a maximum position,if one amplitude is 52% of the other? (This is called the standing wave ratio. )
A)0.32%
B)48%
C)0.0%
D)52%
Q2) If the frequency of a violin string is to be increased by 20%,what change in tension must be applied?
A)44%
B)20%
C)4.5%
D)10%
Q3) A string 2.0 m long and fixed at both ends is vibrating in its fourth harmonic in a room at 20C.The wavelength of the sound it produces is 1.0 m.
A)True
B)False
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Wave Optics
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Q1) Light of wavelength 560 nm illuminates a single slit placed 60 cm from a screen.The separation between the first and third minima in the diffraction pattern is 2.8 mm.What is the slit width?
A)0.72 mm
B)0.24 mm
C)1.16 mm
D)3.8 × 10<sup>-5</sup> m
E)0.082 mm
Q2) Light of wavelength 500 nm illuminates a 0.50 mm diameter hole.A screen is placed 6.0 m behind the slit.What is the width of the central maximum on the screen?
A)15 mm
B)260 m
C)7.3 mm
D)3700 m
Q3) A diffraction grating is described by its groove spacing d.But each groove consists of a clear aperture a and an opaque part b.For fixed d how does changing a and b (the ratio a/b)affect the diffracted light?
Q4) How wide is a single slit that gives its first minimum at 90°?
Q5) Why are only about 6-10 minima seen when light illuminates a single slit?
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Chapter 18: Ray Optics
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Q1) Which statement about thin lenses is correct? In each case,we are considering only a single lens.
A)A converging lens always produces a real inverted image.
B)A diverging lens always produces a virtual inverted image.
C)A converging lens sometimes produces a real erect image.
D)A diverging lens always produces a virtual erect image.
E)A diverging lens produces a virtual erect image only if the object is located within the focal point of the lens.
Q2) If an object is placed inside the focal point of a diverging lens,the image is
A)real,inverted,and enlarged.
B)virtual,upright,and reduced.
C)virtual,upright,and enlarged.
D)real,upright,and reduced.
E)real,inverted,and reduced.
Q3) You move a lens from your eye to arm's length away and a far scene never becomes inverted.What can you say about the focal length?
Q4) A flashlight forms a 10 ft spot on a far wall.How can you tell if the filament is between the focal point and the spherical reflector or outside of it?
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Optical Instruments
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Q1) A machinist with normal vision has a near point at 25 cm.The machinist wears eyeglasses in order to do close work.The power of the lenses is + 4.25 diopters.With these eyeglasses,the near point of the machinist,in cm,is closest to:
A)12
B)10
C)7
D)15
E)17
Q2) The eyepiece of a compound microscope has a focal length of 2.50 cm and the objective has a focal length of 1.60 cm.The two lenses are separated by 14.0 cm.The microscope is used by a person with normal eyes (near point at 25 cm).What is the angular magnification of the microscope?
A)72
B)88
C)180
D)219
E)115
Q3) What optical element would you need and how would you use it to determine the focal length of a concave lens.
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Electric Fields and Forces
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Q1) A 3.0 C positive charge is located at the origin and a 2.0 C positive charge is located at x = 0.0 m,y = 1.0 m.Find the point between them where the electric field strength is zero.
A)x = 0 m,y = 0.55 m
B)x = 0 m,y = 0.67 m
C)x = 0 m,y = 1.5 m
D)x = 0 m,y = 0.60 m
Q2) Suppose a van de Graaff generator builds a negative static charge,and a grounded conductor is placed near enough to it so that a 7.0 C of negative charge arcs to the conductor.Calculate the number of electrons that are transferred.
A)4.38 × 10<sup>13</sup>
B)7.0
C)1.12 × 10<sup>-18</sup>
D)43.8
Q3) Electric field lines begin on negative charges and end on positive charges.
A)True
B)False
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Electric Potential
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Q1) Two conductors are joined by a long copper wire.Thus
A)each conductor carries the same free charge.
B)each conductor must be at the same potential.
C)the electric field at the surface of each conductor is the same.
D)no free charge can be present on either conductor.
E)the potential on the wire is the average of the potential of each conductor.
Q2) If the electric field is zero everywhere inside a region of space,the potential must also be zero in that region.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A small object carries a charge of 10.0 C.If the object is so small that it can be regarded as a point charge,what is the energy density at a distance of 2.0 m from the charge? (The value of k is 9.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>9</sup> N·m<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>2</sup>. )
A)2.2 mJ/m<sup>3</sup>
B)4.5 mJ/m<sup>3</sup>
C)9.0 mJ/m<sup>3</sup>
D)18 mJ/m<sup>3</sup>
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Chapter 22: Current and Resistance
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Q1) A device experiences a voltage drop of 4.0 V across it while a current of 4.0 mA flows through it.How much power does it dissipate?
A)16 mW
B)64 W
C)4.0 kW
D)1.0 kW
Q2) A jeweler needs to electroplate gold (atomic mass 196.97 u)onto a bracelet.He knows that the charge carriers in the ionic solution are gold ions,and has calculated that he must deposit 0.20 g of gold to reach the necessary thickness.How much current does he need to plate the bracelet in 3.0 hours? (Avogadro's number is 6.02 × 10<sup>23</sup>. )
A)9.1 mA
B)540 mA
C)33 A
D)1800 mA
Q3) Where does the energy go that an electron has gained from the electric field when the electron passes through a conductor that has resistivity?
Q4) Why is it that electrons rather than positive ions flow from a wire?
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Circuits
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Q1) Which will drain a battery faster,a circuit with a resistance of 10 k or a circuit with a resistance of 1 ?
Q2) In the figure shown,what is the power dissipated in the 2 ohm resistance in the circuit?
A)5.33 W
B)8.0 W
C)6.67 W
D)2.67 W
E)3.56 W
Q3) Ohm's law is a fundamental law of physics and is therefore obeyed by all materials. A)True
B)False
Q4) A 10.0 V battery is connected across two resistors in series.If the resistors have resistances of 840.0 and 590.0 ,what is the voltage drop across the 590.0 resistor?
A)4.1 V
B)5.9 V
C)14 V
D)7.0 V
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Chapter 24: Magnetic Fields and Forces
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Q1) Two long,parallel bars carry equal currents in opposite directions.The magnetic fields due to these two currents cancel each other midway between the two bars.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Two particles with equal mass,one carrying a charge q and the other -2q,each enter at right angles to a uniform magnetic field with the same velocity.Which is deflected into a circular path with the larger radius?
Q3) A circular coil of wire of 200 turns and diameter 6 cm carries a current of 7 A.It is placed in a magnetic field of 0.90 T with the plane of the coil making an angle of 30° with the magnetic field.What is the torque on the coil?
A)3.1 N m
B)1.8 N m
C)5.9 N m
D)8.2 N m
E)1.5 N m
Q4) If a charged particle moves at right angles to a magnetic field,it experiences a force.How can the particle have an acceleration if the kinetic energy remains constant?
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Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves
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Q1) In the figure,a wire and a 10 resistor are used to form a circuit in the shape of a square, 20 cm by 20 cm.A uniform but nonsteady magnetic field is directed into the plane of the circuit.The magnitude of the magnetic field is decreased from 2.70 T to 0.90 T in a time interval of 96 ms.The average induced current and its direction through the resistor,in this time interval,are closest to:
A)75 mA,from b to a
B)45 mA,from b to a
C)75 mA,from a to b
D)45 mA,from a to b
E)110 mA,from a to b
Q2) Which type of electromagnetic wave travels through space the slowest?
A)All EM waves travel at the same speed.
B)radio waves
C)infrared
D)ultraviolet
E)microwaves
Q3) By how much are the electric and magnetic fields out of phase in an electromagnetic wave?
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Chapter 26: Ac Electricity
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Q1) In a purely resistive AC circuit,when the voltage is at its maximum,the current is at its maximum value as well.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A circuit containing a 39-H inductor has an alternating current supplied to it.If I<sub>rms</sub> is 10.0 A and V<sub>p</sub> is 18 V,find the frequency of the signal.
A)0.0052 Hz
B)0.21 Hz
C)0.033 Hz
D)0.41 Hz
Q3) In a series RLC circuit,the current is largest at resonance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The reactance of a capacitor is 7.0 k at a frequency of 0.30 kHz.What is the capacitance?
A)0.076 F
B)0.48 F
C)3.0 F
D)0.107 F
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Chapter 27: Relativity
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Q1) Adding heat to an object will increase its mass because the added heat energy is equivalent to mass.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The United States is approximately 3000 mi wide as measured by people on Earth.If astronauts in a spaceship traveling at 45% the speed of light measure this distance,they will measure it to be more than 3000 mi.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Assume that it takes you one week to read a book in your own rest frame.Would it appear to you to take longer to read this book if you were in a spaceship moving at a constant speed of 0.98 c than it would if you read the same book while sitting in a chair at home?
Q4) In a spaceship that is approaching Earth at 80% the speed of light,the captain shines a laser beam directly toward Earth.The captain measures the laser light's speed to be 3.00 × 10<sup>8</sup> m/s and the receiving station on Earth will measure exactly the same speed for this light.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 28: Quantum Physics
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66 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A photocathode has a work function of 2.4 eV.The photocathode is illuminated with monochromatic radiation whose photon energy is 3.4 eV.The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons produced is closest to:
A)1.6 × 10<sup>-19</sup> J
B)3.8 × 10<sup>-19 </sup>J
C)4.4 × 10<sup>-19</sup> J
D)4.9 × 10<sup>-19</sup> J
E)5.4 × 10<sup>-19</sup> J
Q2) A crystalographer uses X-rays that diffract from a crystal in which the spacing between atomic planes is 0.175 nm.If she observes a second-order diffraction at 22.0°,at what angle will she see the first-order diffraction?
A)62.4°
B)73.8°
C)84.7°
D)42.1°
Q3) Photons all travel at the speed of light so they must all have the same energy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 29: Atoms and Molecules
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Sample Questions
Q1) No two distinct atoms produce the same emission spectrum.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Light excites atomic hydrogen from its lowest level to the n = 12 level.What is the energy of the light?
A)13.7 eV
B)32.2 eV
C)61.4 eV
D)91.8 eV
Q3) An electron and a proton are both moving such that their kinetic energy is roughly 100 eV.How do the speeds of the particles compare?
A)The electron is moving about 30 times faster than the proton.
B)The electron is moving about 1000 times faster than the proton.
C)The electron and proton are moving about the same speed.
D)The proton is moving about 30 times faster than the electron.
Q4) In spontaneous emission,the electrons all spontaneously emit photons of the same wavelength.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics
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Sample Questions
Q1) About how many days are required for a radioactive sample,with an initial activity of 10<sup>5</sup> Bq,to decay to an activity of 100 Bq? The half-life of the material is 4.5 days.
A)about 45 days
B)about 36 days
C)about 54 days
D)about 31 days
Q2) The half-lives of cobalt-60 and strontium-90 are 5.3 years and 28 years,respectively.Suppose that samples of cobalt-60 and strontium-90 are such that they initially have the same activity.What will be true of the numbers of cobalt-60 and strontium-90 nuclei in these samples?
A)There will be more strontium-90 than cobalt-60 nuclei.
B)There will be equal numbers of cobalt-60 and strontium-90 nuclei.
C)There will be more cobalt-60 than strontium-90 nuclei.
D)It is not possible to compare numbers of nuclei without knowing the masses of the samples.
Q3) The majority of known nuclei are stable.
A)True
B)False
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