Course Introduction
Cognitive Science
Final Test Solutions
Cognitive Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the nature of the mind and intelligence by integrating approaches from psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and anthropology. This course examines how humans and other intelligent systems acquire, process, and represent information, focusing on perception, memory, language, reasoning, and decision-making. Through theoretical frameworks, computational models, and empirical research, students gain a comprehensive understanding of cognition, its underlying mechanisms, and its applications in technology, artificial intelligence, and the study of human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we hear a complaint that experimental psychology research lacks ecological validity,the person is complaining that __________.
A)the research is not representative of real-world situations
B)the research lacks sufficient precision
C)the research lacks an appropriate comparison group
D)we are attempting to understand complex phenomena by breaking them down into their components
Answer: A
Q2) Reductionism was the first major psychological approach.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach?
A)independent and nonoverlapping stages
B)sequential stages of processing
C)Response times indicate processing duration.
D)parallel processing
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is a computer-based technique for modeling complex systems in which knowledge is represented by the strength of the excitatory or inhibitory connections between massively interconnected nodes.
A)Coaxial modeling
B)Computer-aided modeling
C)Connectionist modeling
D)Associationist modeling
Answer: C
Q2) Every action potential is the same.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) "Language on the left" refers to contralaterality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Myelin sheaths are created by glial cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The jerky movements when we send our eyes from one location to another are called
Answer: (SACCADES)
Q2) Summarization and compression of visual receptor inputs characterize human visual processing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The initial encoding of the stimulus from the environment into the nervous system is best described as __________.
A)the sensory register
B)sensation
C)perception
D)representation
Answer: B
Q4) The capacity of iconic memory is typically four to five items.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Posner's spatial cueing task.What are the important concepts associated with this task and some of the important implications of some of the results that have been obtained using this task (or its variants)?
Q2) A reduction in the orienting response to familiar stimuli is __________.
A)adaption
B)elision
C)stunting
D)habituation
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mind-wandering thoughts?
A)attention consuming
B)inappropriate
C)current concerns
D)task related
Q4) Shadowed speech is __________.
A)generally fluid
B)often monotone (with little intonation)
C)for the unattended channel
D)completely automated
Q5) The grabbing of attention by an unexpected event is called __________.
Q6) Describe two pieces of evidence against "early selection."
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the best way to describe Donders' chronometric method?
A)multiplicative factors
B)divisive factors
C)subtractive factors
D)additive factors
Q2) Which of the following can aid in using short-term memory?
A)span of apprehension
B)digit span
C)span of immediate memory
D)chunking
Q3) Better memory for items at the beginning and end of a list is called the
A)Sternberg effect
B)proactive interference phenomenon
C)retroactive interference bias
D)serial position curve
Q4) Name one aspect of cognition that is influenced by the operation of working memory,and described the nature of this influence.
Q5) Poorer memory for an item because of memories of prior items is called
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding,including all related information that was encoded along with it,determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.
A)Depth of processing
B)The method of savings
C)Elaborative encoding
D)Encoding specificity
Q2) Declarative memories are more likely to be __________,whereas nondeclarative memories are more likely to be__________.
A)implicit; explicit
B)explicit; implicit
C)formal; informal
D)informal; formal
Q3) Which would lead to the most ("massive")negative transfer in a paired associates learning task?
A)A-B,C-D
B)A-B,B-Br
C)A-B,A-B'
D)A-B,B-A
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In testing their model,Collins & Quillian __________.
A)used a lexical decision verification task
B)were unable to account for serial exhaustive memory search functions
C)demonstrated that concepts closer together in the network are responded to faster
D)used both RT and accuracy measures
Q2) The lexical decision task requires that people know the meaning of the target word.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the classic view of categorization,which of the following would NOT be used by people to create their semantic categories?
A)necessary features
B)sufficient features
C)rules
D)prototypes
Q4) In what ways are schemata and categories similar,and in what ways are they different?
Q5) In connections networks,knowledge is represented in the strength of the ____________.
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a particularly effective cue for eliciting spontaneous autobiographical memories?
A)pictures
B)odors
C)music
D)sleep
Q2) When you forget something,but feel like retrieval is imminent,this is called
A)directed forgetting
B)judgment of learning
C)a tip of the tongue (TOT)state
D)feeling of knowing
Q3) Fiction becoming fact is a result of a problem in __________.
A)source monitoring
B)memory retrieval
C)feeling of knowing
D)prospective memory
Q4) Propositional representations reflect the gist of what was encountered before.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your understanding of the function served by KEY in the phrase "the key opened the door" is most closely related to which theoretical view of language processing?
A)Craik & Lockhart's "depth of processing" account
B)elaborative encoding
C)Chomsky's transformational grammar
D)the case grammar approach
Q2) Right hemisphere damage can result in a loss in the ability to __________.
A)draw inferences
B)repeat language heard verbatim
C)produce language
D)comprehend language
Q3) ERP studies investigating syntactically anomalous sentences reveal that these sentences produce a distinctive __________.
A)N400 ERP pattern
B)P600 ERP Pattern
C)syntactic priming function
D)expressive aphasia
Q4) The study of the sounds of a language is called ________.
Q5) Provide an example of a statement in which semantics overpowers syntax.
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After you have completed your reading of a sentence,word-for-word recall is very poor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One factor that can influence language comprehension ability of a person is
A)utterance speed
B)regional accent
C)genetics
D)working memory capacity
Q3) The act of using a pronoun or possessive (or synonym)to refer back to a previously mentioned concept is __________.
A)anaphoric reference
B)anomic reference
C)alexic reference
D)aphritic reference
Q4) How does embodied cognition influence language processing?
Q5) Sarcastic statements generally violate conversational maxims.T
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In reasoning,the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion is
A)confirmation bias
B)the search for positive evidence
C)a major source of human error in decision making
D)all of the above
Q2) Recent work on "fast and frugal" heuristic,in particular the recognition heuristic and the "take the best" heuristic,reveal that simple one-reason decision-making heuristics often do a very good job.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The representativeness heuristic is a bias to make decisions based on
A)how closely one outcome resembles the population of possible outcomes
B)whether an option is represented in the set of possible outcomes
C)how well one can represent the choice to other people
D)the degree to which a choice represents a correct answer
Q4) The reasoning heuristic in which we predict a future event or imagine a different outcome to completed events is called the ________________________
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The right hemisphere tends to be more active during insight problems than during routine problems.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Wasting a lot of time opening junk mail,even when the envelope is obviously not a real bill,might reflect __________.
A)functional fixedness
B)implicit set
C)syllogistic reasoning
D)means-end analysis
Q3) When people think about objects only in the standard way,this is called negative set.)
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which involves searching for relations?
A)solving the Tower of Hanoi problem
B)reasoning by analogy
C)means-end analysis
D)changing the problem representation
Q5) The name of the first problem-solving program was___________.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order for a flashbulb memory to be created,you need __________.
A)the event to be surprising
B)to experience the event as important
C)to have an emotional response
D)all of the above
Q2) A brain structure that is often important in emotional memories is the ____________.
Q3) How is emotion processed at the situation model level of language comprehension?
A)People only determine it if it is explicitly pointed out.
B)People track it and update it when it changes.
C)only in terms of the reader's emotional response to what is being read
D)only in terms of the emotions a story character is experiencing
Q4) Processing emotion in language can be impeded if the __________ is damaged.
A)pons
B)corpus callosum
C)amygdala
D)left hemisphere
Q5) The finding that information that is consistent with your current emotion is more accessible is called _____________ memory.
Page 15
Q6) Emotions are characterized by their ___________ and their _____________.
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do changes in neural firing mean for older adults?
A)Some neurotransmitters stop working.
B)Emotions are stunted.
C)Their hair turns white.
D)Cognition proceeds more slowly.
Q2) Older adults show marked declines in logical reasoning with advancing age.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The stages of language development can be best thought of as being
A)discrete
B)artificial
C)algorithmic
D)overlapping
Q4) The slower speaking rates of children can lead to __________.
A)smaller working memory spans
B)lack of interest by adults
C)greater semantic activation
D)complex sentence constructions
Q5) Starting at around eighteen months of age,there is a dramatic increase in the number of words that a child knows called the ____________.
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