Cognitive Science Exam
Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the nature of the mind, intelligence, and mental processes by integrating knowledge from psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and anthropology. This course examines how humans and other intelligent systems perceive, think, learn, remember, and solve problems. Key topics include perception, language acquisition, memory, reasoning, decision-making, consciousness, and artificial intelligence. Through a combination of theoretical models and empirical research, students will develop a comprehensive understanding of cognitive processes and the various methodologies used to study them, preparing them to apply these insights across diverse academic and practical domains.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ is the scientific study of human memory and mental processes,including such activities as perceiving,remembering,using language,reasoning,and problem solving.
Answer: (COGNITION)
Q2) An approach that asks the questions "What is it for?" and "How does it adapt?" is __________.
A)functionalism
B)structuralism
C)empiricism
D)reductionism
Answer: A
Q3) What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier?
A)response time
B)accuracy
C)verbal reports
D)content analysis
Answer: B
Q4) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of an ERP recording indicates surprise,incongruence,or unexpectedness?
A)P600
B)N400
C)all of it
D)none of it: ERPs record baseline activity only.
Answer: B
Q2) A neuron has a resting potential of __________.
A)- 70 mV
B)0 mV
C)+ 30 mV
D)+ 170 mV
Answer: A
Q3) What of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for memory formation?
A)dendrition
B)magnesium
C)glutamate
D)GABA
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which area of the brain is important for processing movement?
A)V1
B)MT
C)SPC
D)DD
Answer: B
Q2) A failure or deficit in recognizing objects __________.
A)aphasia
B)amnesia
C)agnosia
D)alexia
Answer: C
Q3) What is the duration of information in visual sensory memory (iconic memory)?
Answer: The duration of information in visual sensory memory, also known as iconic memory, is very brief. Research suggests that iconic memory holds visual information for approximately 200 to 1000 milliseconds (0.2 to 1 second) after an object is seen. After this short duration, the information either fades away or is transferred to short-term memory through the process of attention. Iconic memory acts as a buffer for visual stimuli, giving the brain a snapshot of the visual world that lasts just long enough to be processed further if deemed important.
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) For early filter theories of attention,selection is based on __________.
A)semantic meaning
B)multimodalities
C)physical characteristics
D)inhibition
Q2) When the attention mechanism of inhibition is used,the suppression of irrelevant information is eliminated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What of the following does NOT capture the nature of a behavior don during an action slip?
A)frequently done
B)done during distraction
C)increases with concentration
D)is environmentally cued
Q4) The cocktail party effect refers to __________.
A)attenuation
B)selection
C)masking
D)priming
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the procedure used in the Brown-Peterson task,the standard findings,and the more recent conclusions drawn from the work of Waugh & Norman.
Q2) Provide a description of a real-world example that would illustrate the principles of proactive and retroactive interference.
Q3) What parts of the brain are implicated in working memory operation?
Q4) The episodic buffer of working memory __________.
A)integrates information to create new episodic memories
B)is most strongly analogous to short-term memory
C)has an extremely small capacity
D)is independent of any information in long-term memory
Q5) What are the two components of the phonological loop?
Q6) Daneman & Carpenter found that people with a working memory span of 2 got ____ percent correct in the "7 ago" condition of their pronoun test,but people with a memory span of 5 got ___ percent correct on the same test under the same conditions.
A)0; 100
B)20; 80
C)40; 60
D)60; 40
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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Sample Questions
Q1) The generation effect reflects what sort of cognitive processing?
A)evolutionary enhancement
B)categorical organization
C)transience effect
D)deep processing
Q2) The "peg" for the peg-word mnemonic has to be "one is a bun....
A)True
B)False
Q3) The improved retention of one piece of information that is made distinct or different from the information around it (e.g.,underlining one word in a to-be-remembered list in red ink)is __________.
A)content accuracy
B)technical accuracy
C)priming
D)von Restorff / isolation effect
Q4) What is the part-set cuing effect?
A)superior memory if people are presented with part of a set as retrieval cues
B)worse memory if people are presented with part of a set as retrieval cues
C)the ability to remember only the part that was cued from a larger set
D)improved memory when memory cues are partial rather than complete
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the relative advantages and disadvantageous of the various theories of mental categorization?
Q2) Anomia is a __________.
A)deficit in reading due to brain injury
B)deficit in comprehension due to brain injury
C)deficit in word finding due to brain injury
D)deficit in memory due to brain injury
Q3) The term "cost" is used in cognitive research under what circumstances?
A)prototypic processing
B)functional amnesty
C)negative influence on processing
D)an indication of larger semantic networks
Q4) Lexical means __________.
A)meaning
B)dictionary
C)response time
D)network
Q5) A type of mental representation that is similar to a schema,but which captures the temporal order of events,is called a(n)_____________.
Q6) How are schemata likely to change of the course of one's life?
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lindsay et al.(2004)report describing a pseudo-event (a childhood story of putting green slime in a teacher's desk)in the context of two "real" events from the person's own childhood.Half were also shown their (real)grade school class picture.They were to come back in a week for further testing.Which describes their result after this one-week delay?
A)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage went from 30 percent to 70 percent (i.e.,the majority reported the activity as true after the one-week delay).
B)In the photo group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.
C)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 15 percent throughout.
D)In the nonphoto group,the "thought did it" percentage remained at 30 percent throughout.
Q2) The two basic kinds of prospective memory are ____________ and ____________.
Q3) A proposition is the smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as a separate assertion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The memory unit that codes meaning is called a(n)__________________.
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Chapter 9: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The disruption (a loss of all or some)of previously intact language skills caused by a brain-related disorder or injury is __________.
A)aphasia
B)agnosia
C)apraxia
D)agraphia
Q2) Identify the three basic and two additional levels of analysis that are used in language comprehension:
1.PhonologY
2._______________
3.____________
Q3) The inability of a native Spanish-speaking monolingual individual to differentiate "EYES" from "ICE" reflects __________.
A)semantic categorization
B)morpheme-based processing
C)categorical perception
D)syntactic analysis
Q4) How are the concepts of language and communication similar,and how are they different?
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conceptual knowledge is important for comprehension because comprehension is about __________.
A)meaning
B)linguistic structure
C)thinking
D)perception
Q2) Just & Carpenter examined fixation durations to investigate comprehension time at the level of ideas and propositions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Alluding to a concept using another name is __________.
A)deceptive
B)reference
C)authorized inference
D)unauthorized inference
Q4) Skilled readers often skip content words.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are two of the Gricean maxims of conversation?
Q6) In what ways can eye tracking data be described as a "window into the mind"?
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "roadrunner effect" (dropping off a cliff)reflects __________.
A)naïve physics
B)ambiguity
C)counterfactual reasoning
D)downhill change
Q2) When doing counterfactual thinking,what kind of change is the easiest to imagine and then base decisions upon?
A)uphill
B)downhill
C)transverse
D)inverted
Q3) In using the simulation heuristic to "undo" an event that has already happened,what kind of change is most and least likely to be suggested by the person imagining a different outcome?
Q4) If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) The water jug experiment (Luchins,1942)illustrates __________.
A)preservative fixation
B)Gestalt influences
C)negative set
D)insight through analogy
Q2) H.M.,the famous anterograde amnesic,would likely __________.
A)show normal learning curves on problem-solving tasks
B)have profound retrograde amnesia
C)be unable to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem
D)show normal free recall performance in a word problem task
Q3) In problem solving,what is domain knowledge?
A)what a person knows about the topic of a problem
B)how broad a person's knowledge is in general
C)knowledge that is only applicable to one specific domain,and can never be used for any others
D)copyrighted material
Q4) Neuroimaging work suggests that,surprisingly,the frontal lobes are not involved in insight problem solving.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppressing emotions may drain resources in what part of the brain?
A)tectum
B)angular cingulate cortex
C)hippocampus
D)occipital lobe
Q2) At high levels of emotional intensity,better memory for central details of an event result in __________ memories.
A)Easterbrook
B)flashbulb
C)tunnel
D)tensor
Q3) The idea that memory is better at moderate levels of emotional intensity is consistent with __________.
A)Easterbrook hypothesis
B)the Yerkes-Dodson law
C)von Restorff effect
D)mood-congruent memory
Q4) The finding that it is easier to remember things that were learned in the same emotion as a person is experiencing during retrieval is called __________________ memory.
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Stroop effect is larger in young children who __________.
A)lack mathematical skills
B)have developed problem-solving skills
C)read poorly
D)read well
Q2) Baillargeon has shown that short-term memory development can be observed early on by the existence,duration,and effectiveness of __________.
A)object permanence
B)encoding awareness
C)serial position effects
D)encoding specificity
Q3) The use of an incorrect word to name something in young children may be due to __________________.
Q4) Older adults need reading glasses because of neurological declines in perception.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Older adults show difficulties at all levels of language processing.
A)True
B)False
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