Cognitive Psychology Research Methods
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology Research Methods explores the principal techniques and approaches used to investigate mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, language, and reasoning. This course provides an in-depth understanding of experimental design, behavioral measurement, and data analysis as applied to cognitive phenomena. Students learn to formulate research questions, design experiments, collect and interpret empirical data, and critically evaluate scientific literature in cognitive psychology. Emphasis is placed on both classic paradigms and contemporary advancements, equipping students with the practical skills necessary to conduct independent research and understand the ethical considerations in studying human cognition.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul Coz
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The statement, "High school seniors with higher SAT scores will have higher GPAs in college" is an example of _____ behavior.
A)predicting
B)describing
C)explaining
D)understanding
Answer: A
Q2) Scientific _____ means that ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and results from scientific investigations.
A)fanaticism
B)didacticism
C)radicalism
D)skepticism
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher who reads the study on cell phone use by Cramer et. al., decides to conduct a study to find ways to reduce cell phone use while driving. Which of the following sources of idea is best illustrated in this scenario?
A)Past research
B)Observation of the world
C)Common sense
D)Myth
Answer: A
Q2) A student conducts a literature search for articles about the relationship between right/left hand dominance and creativity. She finds an article that is directly relevant to her topic of research. Which of the following resources is she most likely to use to find a bibliography of articles relevant to the original article?
A)Psychological Abstracts
B)Annual Review of Psychology
C)Social Science Citation Index
D)PsycINFO
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if:
A)animals were used while conducting experiments for the research.
B)participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study.
C)the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses.
D)the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is true about research with nonhuman animal subjects?
A)Ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings.
B)There are explicit guidelines to protect animals used for research.
C)Animals cannot be used to test the effects of drugs.
D)Psychologists do not conduct research on animals.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A)IRBs are national review agencies composed of at least three individuals.
B)All members of the IRB must be from outside the institution.
C)IRBs review studies conducted within and outside the institution.
D)Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and reaction time using a driving simulation task. Participants drank either one ounce or three ounces of alcohol. Their reaction time was measured in terms of the speed with which they braked on seeing a red light during the simulated driving task. In this case, the dependent variable in the experiment is the _____.
A)amount of alcohol
B)braking speed
C)red light
D)degree of intoxication
Q2) When a researcher presents a graph indicating the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable, the _____ variable should appear on the vertical axis.
A)correlation
B)independent
C)dependent
D)confounding
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Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) In _____ validity, scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time.
A)face
B)divergent
C)concurrent
D)predictive
Q2) A researcher conducts an experiment to establish a relationship between a chess player's mental stability and his performance in the game. He finds that the two have a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value of +1.00. This means the two variables-mental stability and performance-have a _____ relationship.
A)negative linear
B)curvilinear
C)nonlinear
D)positive linear
Q3) Face validity refers to whether or not the measure:
A)yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances.
B)predicts some future behavior or outcomes.
C)correlates negatively with other measures of the same variable.
D)appears to accurately assess the intended variable.
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julia observes a child's behavior after he had watched 15 minutes of violent cartoons. She codes the child's behavior every 30 seconds based on the number of times he hits, kicks, pushes, or bites another child. This observational technique can best be described as _____ observation.
A)naturalistic
B)systematic
C)random
D)archival
Q2) In _____, the researcher makes observations of individuals in their natural environments.
A)naturalistic observations
B)laboratory experiments
C)observational learning
D)environmental researches
Q3) The goal of naturalistic observation is to:
A)test hypotheses formed prior to the study.
B)conduct research in experimental rather than real environments.
C)get quick answers to theoretical questions.
D)provide a complete and accurate picture of what occurred in a setting.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) As people exit the polling booth, they are asked how they voted on the various propositions on the ballot in order to predict election outcomes. This sampling method is called _____ sampling.
A)haphazard
B)purposive
C)quota
D)cluster
Q2) A disadvantage of conducting online surveys is that they do not:
A)provide the researcher with immediate access to the responses.
B)offer the scope of asking open-ended questions.
C)allow the researcher to obtain samples of people with particular characteristics. D)offer a higher response rate than traditional surveys.
Q3) "Do you agree that male teenage drivers are more dangerous than female teenage drivers?" is an example of a _____ question.
A)simplistic
B)double-barreled
C)loaded
D)yea-saying and nay-saying
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) A matched pairs design involves:
A)randomly assigning participants to groups and then matching pairs of participants.
B)matching pairs of participants based on a variable and then randomly assigning one member of each pair to each group.
C)matching pairs of participants based on a variable and then randomly assigning half the pairs of each group.
D)an attempt to control for order effects.
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes a disadvantage of using a pretest-posttest design?
A)It maximizes participant mortality.
B)It promotes attrition.
C)It is time-consuming.
D)It does not allow one to rule out regression effects.
Q3) When a confounding variable is present in an experiment, _____.
A)internal validity can be assumed
B)external validity can be assumed
C)internal validity is challenged
D)external validity is challenged
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a disadvantage of using the strongest manipulation possible in a research?
A)It can result in nonsignificant findings.
B)It can cause a ceiling effect.
C)It creates a situation different from a real-world situation.
D)It invalidates previous published researches.
Q2) A(n) _____ allows the experimenters who are collecting the data to become comfortable with their roles and to standardize their procedures.
A)manipulation check
B)accuracy check
C)clinical study
D)pilot study
Q3) The manipulation check is advantageous if _____.
A)double-blind procedures are used
B)the results obtained are nonsignificant
C)single-blind procedures are used
D)the demand characteristics are minimal
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:
A)three main effects.
B)one main effect and an interaction.
C)two interactions.
D)two main effects and an interaction.
Q2) A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.
A)mixed repeated measures and independent groups
B)IV × PV
C)2 × 2
D)multiple correlation
Q3) An interaction occurs whenever:
A)the manipulation check indicates a manipulation failure.
B)the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
C)both independent variables have an effect.
D)the dependent variable is effectively manipulated in a factorial design.
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher wants to study the effect of weather on college students' study habits. On a sunny day, the researcher sits in the quad and records the number of minutes of study per student. Identify the crucial element missing in this design.
A)An experimental group
B)A control group
C)An independent variable
D)A dependent variable
Q2) In a _____ design, a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period.
A)single-case
B)control series
C)propensity score
D)nonequivalent control group
Q3) Which of the following is a reversal design?
A)Pretest-posttest design
B)Interrupted time series design
C)ABAB design
D)Quasi-experimental design
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A measure of _____ is a number that characterizes the amount of spread in a distribution of scores.
A)central tendency
B)effect size
C)correlation
D)variability
Q2) Three celebrity judges rank the finalists of a reality show based on their musical talents. The judges rank the contestants in the order of the most talented to the least talented. Which type of measurement scale does this scenario exemplify?
A)Ratio
B)Interval
C)Ordinal
D)Nominal
Q3) The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient:
A)is called the Pearson c.
B)is used when both variables have ordinal or nominal scale properties.
C)provides information about the strength of a relationship.
D)does not indicate the direction of a relationship.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Sample Questions
Q1) When comparing two group means, the _____ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known.
A)null hypothesis
B)research hypothesis
C)statistical significance
D)degree of freedom
Q2) A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature-cold, warm, and hot, and different noise conditions-quiet and noisy. The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n)
A)t-test
B)Pearson r
C)chi-square
D)F-test
Q3) The research hypothesis states that the:
A)independent variable has no effect.
B)independent variable has an effect.
C)dependent variable has no effect.
D)dependent variable has an effect.
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Chapter 14: Generalization
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Questions
Q1) In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?
A)Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift
B)Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors
C)Surveying officers from all shifts in the department
D)Using confounding variables
Q2) To examine the effects of drug therapy on depression, Mark located 45 studies using drug therapy with adults diagnosed with depression. Studies that included other additional treatments were excluded. He performed a statistical analysis of the results of these studies and concluded that drug therapy was effective in treating depression. In this case, Mark has conducted a _____.
A)literature review
B)meta-analysis
C)statistical review
D)causal analysis
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