Cognitive Psychology Research Exam
Course Introduction
Preparation Guide
Cognitive Psychology Research explores the scientific study of mental processes such as perception, memory, language, reasoning, and decision-making. This course examines fundamental theories and contemporary research methods used to investigate how people acquire, process, and store information. Students will engage in critical analysis of experimental designs, data interpretation, and cognitive models, as well as develop skills in conducting empirical studies and reporting research findings in cognitive psychology. The course emphasizes the integration of laboratory research, real-world applications, and current advancements in understanding human cognition.
Recommended Textbook Research In Psychology Methods and Design 7th Edition by C. James Goodwin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology
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Q1) Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except A) they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research
B) they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body)
C) they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion
D) they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods
Answer: B
Q2) A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing A) process over content
B) content over process
C) basic rather than applied research
D) applied rather than basic research
Answer: A
Q3) To say that experience is the best teacher is to rely on __________ as a way of knowing.
Answer: empiricism
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research
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Q1) The late British psychologist Cyril Burt has been suspected of scientific fraud in the reporting of some of the data from his famous twin studies. What does his case illustrate about data falsification?
A) if fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected
B) most scientific fraud can be detected because the results will not be replicated when other scientists study the phenomenon
C) scientific fraud is often uncovered during the peer review process for journal publication
D) scientific fraud generally happens when researchers become mentally unbalanced
Answer: A
Q2) In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionists criticized
A) Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning
B) Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study
C) Small's pioneering maze learning studies
D) any medical research involving either humans or animals
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology
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Q1) Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to
A) experimental realism; accomplish mundane realism
B) establishing essential principles; solve practical problems
C) the laboratory only; use field studies only
D) mundane realism; accomplish experimental realism
Answer: B
Q2) "If a theory is true, then event X should occur." Suppose event X does not occur. What would the typical scientist conclude?
A) the theory has been disproven - let's get rid of it
B) the outcome must have been an accident
C) the study failed to support the theory - let's replicate
D) the original hypothesis must have been deduced improperly
Answer: C
Q3) ________ research contributes to our essential knowledge of psychological processes such as learning, memory, perception, and emotion.
Answer: Basic
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Chapter 4: Measurement, Sampling, and Data Analysis
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Q1) A _________ illustrates an estimated range of scores within which a population mean is likely to reside.
Q2) What is the essential difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?
Q3) In a(n) _______ scale of measurement, it is appropriate to say that someone with a score of 40 has done only half as well as someone with a score of 80.
Q4) A test might not appear to be a good test of native intelligence and yet it might do a very good job of predicting how well someone does in school. That is, this test
A) has both face validity and predictive validity
B) has criterion validity but not face validity
C) is reliable but not valid
D) has criterion validity but lacks reliability
Q5) In Sheldon's research, 7-point ______ scales were used to measure body type and temperament.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) ___________ validity occurs when a proper statistical analysis has been completed.
Q2) When a confound exists,
A) some uncontrolled factor covaries with the independent variable
B) it cannot be determined whether the confounding variable or the independent variable is causing the results to occur
C) there will be at least two different ways of interpreting the results
D) all of the above
Q3) In the Bobo study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross, the manipulated independent variable was
A) the type of modeling experience given to children
B) whether the children exposed to the models were male or female
C) the frustration experienced by the children when told the attractive toys were being reserved for others
D) whether the Bobo doll was adult-sized or child-sized
Q4) In a study about self-esteem, self-esteem is
A) a subject variable
B) a manipulated variable
C) the dependent variable
D) could be any of the above
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Q1) The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as
A) a progressive effect
B) a carry-over effect
C) a placebo effect
D) a matching effect
Q2) Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________.
A) between-subjects; within-subjects
B) placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study
C) complete counterbalancing; partial counterbalancing
D) recruiting subjects; debriefing subjects
Q3) When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization insures
A) an equal number of participants per condition
B) that each condition is tested before any condition is retested
C) that each possible sequence of conditions is used
D) equivalent groups
Q4) The two most common techniques for creating equivalent groups are _________ and ___________.
Q5) Describe the origins of the term Hawthorne effect, and explain what the term means today.
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Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) In the study on the effectiveness of EMDR, how were participants in the yoked control group treated?
A) they moved their eyes randomly, instead of following the therapist's lead
B) they were not given any form of therapy
C) the length of their "therapy" sessions matched those in the experimental group
D) they were matched in terms of how severe their problem was
Q2) A t test for independent samples is to a t test for dependent samples as ______ is to ______.
A) an independent groups design; a nonequivalent groups design
B) a repeated-measures design; a matched groups design
C) nonequivalent groups design; a repeated-measures design
D) a matched groups design; a repeated-measures design
Q3) A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs?
A) single-factor, independent groups design
B) single-factor, matched groups design
C) single-factor, nonequivalent groups design
D) both alternatives a. and c.
Q4) Multilevel designs enable the researcher to discover ______ effects.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Q1) In a factorial study, what is a main effect?
A) it refers to any statistically significant finding in the study
B) it refers to any statistically significant difference between the levels of a single C) it occurs when the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other variable D) it is any result that is significant at the .01 rather than the .05 level
Q2) Sometimes, in a study with both a main effect (or two) and an interaction, the interaction is the only important finding. Explain, using the caffeine study to illustrate.
Q3) For which of the following within-subjects factors will counterbalancing not be involved?
A) participants try to point accurately to six different geographic locations
B) in a release from PI study, a comparison is made between trials 1 and trial 4
C) word lists are presented at either 2 or 4 seconds per item
D) participants compare Coke and Pepsi for perceived sweetness
Q4) A factorial design using both a between-subjects factor and a within-subjects factor is known as a(n) _______ design.
Q5) Use research example on closing times to illustrate the concept of a main effect.
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Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?
A) the relationship must be nonlinear
B) the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale
C) the range of scores must be restricted on at least one of the variables
D) the variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale
Q2) Distinguish between a bivariate and a multivariate analysis and describe the essential features of two different multivariate analyses.
Q3) Ed took a Civil Service Test and was subsequently hired by the Post Office, where he performed well. The Civil Service Test was used because
A) it had been shown to be an effective predictor variable
B) it had been useful as a criterion variable
C) scores on the test correlated perfectly with IQ
D) scores on it regressed to the mean
Q4) When is correlational research preferred over experimental research?
A) whenever the researcher wishes to determine cause and effect relationships
B) whenever the researcher prefers to do field rather than laboratory research
C) whenever the study includes factors that cannot possibly be controlled
D) never - experimental studies are always preferred
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) Use the "room with a view" study to illustrate the nature of archival research and the fact that archival research can include independent variables.
Q2) Initial evaluations of the Head Start program seemed to question program effectiveness. An alternative explanation of the failure to find improvement is that A) forced matching might have created an unfavorable regression to the mean B) a selection by history confound probably occurred
C) fade-out effects occurred
D) none of the above - there is general agreement that the program in fact does not work
Q3) Cost-effectiveness analysis occurs at the end of a program, but assessing cost is also an important part of A) program audit
B) needs analysis
C) summative evaluation
D) none of the above
Q4) Consider Harry and Leta Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study. What important methodological features did they incorporate into their studies, and what were their conclusions about the effects of caffeine?
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. They used a(n) ______ design.
A) A-B-A-B
B) A-B-A
C) multiple baseline
D) alternating treatments
Q2) Single-subject designs have been criticized for all of the following reasons except A) results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment
B) too much reliance on visual inspection and not enough statistical analysis
C) replication does not seem to be important to small N advocates
D) the designs do not test interactions effectively
Q3) According to Skinner's experimental analysis of behavior,
A) the goal is to identify the stimuli that cause each of our behaviors to occur
B) it is important to study both how often a behavior occurs and how quickly it occurs
C) the consequences of behavior determine the future probability of the behavior occurring again
D) behaviors that lead to rewards do not have to be learned - they are innate
Q4) Describe how McMicken et al. used the case study method to evaluate boxer "AB."
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Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Q1) Phone surveys should occupy a relatively brief amount of the respondent's time; this reduces the tendency for phone survey researchers to use ________ questions.
Q2) Which of the following characterized Crowley et al.'s observational study in a science museum?
A) they used participant observation rather than naturalistic observation (because the parents were involved
B) unlike most naturalistic observation studies, they were able to obtain informed consent
C) because they used videotape, they did not need to determine interobserver reliability
D) they explained their results (parents explaining science more to boys than girls) by simply pointing out that the boys asked more questions than the girls did
Q3) Which of the following is true about participant observation?
A) the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group
B) unlike naturalistic observation, experimenter bias is unlikely to play a role
C) researchers usually become emotionally involved and fail to record behavior objectively
D) the method won't produce data that can be analyzed statistically
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