Cognitive Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Cognitive Psychology explores the mental processes underlying human behavior, focusing on how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. This course examines key topics such as attention, memory, language, decision-making, problem-solving, and reasoning, drawing from empirical research and theoretical frameworks. Students will learn about methodologies used to study cognition, as well as real-world applications in areas like education, technology, and mental health. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how the mind processes information and adapts to complex environments.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 9th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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750 Verified Questions
750 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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49 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Trying to find your friend's face in a crowd is related to the method of A) visual search.
B) limits.
C) constant stimuli.
D) adjustment.
Answer: A
Q2) The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called
A) refraction.
B) transduction.
C) reduction.
D) construction.
Answer: A
Q3) Fechner's psychophysical methods
A) are important from a historical perspective, but are no longer used in contemporary research.
B) were developed in the early 1960s.
C) showed that mental activity cannot be measured quantitatively.
D) are currently used to test a person's hearing and vision.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Purkinje shift
A) is when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.
B) is when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions.
C) is when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions.
D) demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration.
Answer: A
Q2) __________ is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information.
A) Inhibition
B) Excitation
C) Exhibition
D) Both inhibition and excitation
Answer: D
Q3) Describe how preferential looking and visual evoked potentials technique have been used to study infant perception.
Answer: Answer not Answer.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Neural Processing and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Finding the neural correlate of consciousness is related to the A) easy problem of consciousness.
B) hard problem of consciousness.
C) easy problem of reductionism.
D) hard problem of reductionism.
Answer: A
Q2) As we travel farther from the retina, neurons fire to
A) more complex stimuli.
B) less complex stimuli.
C) more intense stimuli.
D) less intense stimuli.
Answer: A
Q3) Neurons in the LGN have __________ receptive fields.
A) center-surround
B) side-by-side columnar
C) ill-defined
D) ambiguous
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.
Q2) Describe the procedure, results, and implications of the Quiroga et al.'s (2005) "Halle Berry neuron" study.
Q3) The _________ effect occurs because humans have more cortical neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations than slanted orientations.
A) oblique
B) transverse
C) parallel
D) box
Q4) One neuron studied by Quiroga et al. responded preferentially to
A) drawings of Halle Berry.
B) a picture of Halle Berry dressed as Catwoman.
C) the words "Halle Berry" presented visually.
D) All of these caused the cell to fire.
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a type of column in the striate cortex?
A) location
B) ocular dominance
C) orientation
D) double dissociative
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the main finding from binocular rivalry research and explain why that finding is important.
Q2) In a scene, the objects in the foreground are best described as _________, whereas the image making up the background is best described as the _______.
A) object; setting
B) ground; figure
C) near point; distance
D) figure; ground
Q3) Which of the following is a general determinant of figure-ground segregation?
A) An area on the right side is more likely to be perceived as a figure than a stimulus on the left.
B) Small stimuli are more likely to be perceived as ground than figure.
C) Detailed images are more likely to be perceived as figure than ground.
D) A lower region is more likely to be perceived as figure than an upper region.
Q4) State, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) for each of five Gestalt principles of perceptual organization.
Q5) Describe Grill-Spector et al.'s (2004) Harrison Ford study and the results of that study.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus.
A) Prosopagnosia
B) Inattentional blindness
C) The Lazarus effect
D) Balint's Syndrome
Q2) According to Treisman, the ______ stage is the "glue" that combines all the incoming information about an object.
A) preattentive
B) focused attention
C) tertiary
D) compiling
Q3) According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _________ stage of processing.
A) preattentive
B) postattentive
C) focused attention
D) tertiary
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8
Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of Bhalla and Proffitt's (1999) physical-fitness-and-hill-steepness study demonstrated that
A) individual fitness level does not affect perception of hill steepness.
B) fit individuals perceived hills as being more steep because they were fatigued.
C) less physically fit individuals perceived the hill as being more steep.
D) none of these.
Q2) You are driving a car. Which of the following statements is an accurate reflection of flow in this situation?
A) Optic flow is slower near the car.
B) Optic flow does not occur for information in the periphery.
C) Optic flow is faster farther away from the car.
D) Optic flow does not occur for the focus of expansion.
Q3) After damage to his _______ Mantio is able to recognize landmarks in his hometown, but is unable to determine which direction he should go from those landmarks to arrive at his house.
A) hippocampus.
B) medial superior temporal area.
C) retrosplenial cortex.
D) superior temporal sulcus.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The aperture problem is solved by the pooling of responses of a number of V1 neurons. Physiological evidence suggests that this pooling occurs in the ____, a nucleus in the _____stream.
A) MT cortex; dorsal
B) MT cortex; ventral
C) PF cortex; "what"
D) PF cortex; "how"
Q2) The __________ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.
A) Kinetic Depth Effect
B) structure-from-motion phenomenon
C) correspondence problem
D) aperture problem
Q3) The condition of the patient of Zihl, et al., who had cortical lesions that affected her motion perception, is called
A) prosopagnosia.
B) akinetopsia.
C) stroboscopia.
D) amblyopia.
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"?
A) color afterimages
B) color matching
C) visual pigment absorption rates
D) the univariance effect
Q2) The neutral point for protonopes is approximately ___ nm.
A) 405
B) 492
C) 570
D) 690
Q3) Newton's quote of "The Rays are not colored" means that
A) we can determine the accuracy of color perception by measuring the wavelength of the light.
B) colors are created by our perceptual system.
C) the experience of color is not arbitrary.
D) a 450 nm pattern will look the identical shade of blue to all human trichromats.
Q4) Discuss the methods and results of Uchikawa et al.'s (1989) research on chromatic adaptation and color constancy.
Q5) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not coloured."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Sample Questions
Q1) What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue?
A) accommodation
B) accretion
C) stereopsis
D) convergence
Q2) Discuss research that supports the hypothesis that a person's action in the environment affects depth perception.
Q3) _______ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated.
A) Strabismus
B) Macular degeneration
C) Ciliary disjunctive disorder
D) Oculomotor instability
Q4) The key to the Ames Room illusion is
A) the room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer.
B) the room is constructed of rectangular walls, but looks trapezoidal to the viewer.
C) people of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room.
D) all depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated.
Q5) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
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Chapter 11: Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The role of the middle ear is
A) to localize sounds in the environment.
B) to initiate the process of transduction via hair cells.
C) to enable fine-tuned frequency analyses of complex tonal stimuli.
D) to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
Q2) The motion of the basilar membrane results in
A) direct stimulation of hair cell cilia.
B) back-and-forth movement of the organ of Corti.
C) up-and-down motion of the tectorial membrane.
D) movement of both the organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane.
Q3) A complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, a 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 HZ tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond?
A) the apex
B) the base
C) one intermediate area
D) the three different areas characteristic of each individual component
Q4) Discuss how noise-induced hearing loss can occur, and what can be done to reduce the chances of noise-induced hearing loss.
Q5) Describe how the actions of the cochlea results in transduction.
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Chapter 12: Auditory Localization and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is "melody schema"? Discuss the support for this concept.
Q2) The principle of auditory grouping called ________ is responsible for melody schema.
A) proximity
B) Pragnanz
C) location
D) experience
Q3) Warren et al. presented listeners with tones that were either (1) interrupted with silent gaps; or (2) interrupted with silent gaps with noise. The results showed
A) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
B) both conditions resulted in listeners hearing bursts of separate tones.
C) the noise condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
D) the silent gap condition resulted in listeners hearing a continuous tone.
Q4) Vision: figure-ground segregation :: Audition: ________________.
A) the ecological approach
B) intimacy
C) auditiory scene analysis
D) Fourier analysis
Q5) Define visual capture and give examples of this concept.
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the methods and results of two studies of the phonemic restoration effect.
Q2) Saffron et al. (1996) found that the ability to use transitional probabilities to segment sounds develops around
A) 2 months old.
B) 8 months old.
C) 2 years old.
D) 5 years old.
Q3) Palmeri et al. (1993) had participants listen to a word list that was spoken by (1) the same speaker, or (2) different speakers. In a subsequent recognition memory test, participants were
A) more accurate when one speaker said all of the words.
B) more accurate when different speakers said the words.
C) faster in responding when different speakers said the words.
D) the same in accuracy in both conditions.
Q4) Top-down processing can help
A) segment acoustic signals.
B) recognize phonemes.
C) recognize words.
D) all of these.
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phenomenon of "phantom limb" is difficult to explain using the _______ of pain.
A) direct pathway model.
B) gate control model.
C) both gate control and direct pathway models.
D) neither; both gate control and direct pathway models can explain phantom limb.
Q2) Neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex have been found that
A) respond only to stimuli of a specific orientation.
B) respond only to active touching of a ruler.
C) respond differently under different attention conditions.
D) All of these have been found.
Q3) Moving your finger across a textured surface can produce vibrations that are interpreted as texture. These vibrations are defined as A) parietal cues.
B) temporal cues.
C) spatial cues.
D) olfactory cues.
Q4) Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.
Q5) Discuss four ways that cognitive factors can influence pain perception.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is
A) referred to as salty-sweet.
B) described as "bittersweet".
C) described as "putrid".
D) referred to as umami.
Q2) Olfactory transduction occurs at
A) the olfactory receptor neurons.
B) the amygdala.
C) the papillae.
D) the foliate.
Q3) When using the forced-choice procedure in measuring odor detection thresholds, the experimenter should A) do two trials simultaneously.
B) separate trials by at least 500 msec.
C) separate trials by at least 5 seconds.
D) separate trials by at least 30 seconds.
Q4) Describe the Proust effect and provide a physiological explanation for its occurrence.
Q5) Does distributed coding or specificity coding occur in taste? Support your answer with research.
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