Cognitive Processes
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Cognitive Processes explores the mental mechanisms that underlie human thought, perception, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. This course examines how individuals acquire, process, and store information, drawing on contemporary research in cognitive psychology. Topics include attention, pattern recognition, memory systems, mental imagery, language comprehension, cognitive development, and the neural basis of cognition. Through an integration of theory, laboratory findings, and practical applications, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the processes that shape human intelligence and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark
H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Low-frequency words produce faster RTs than high-frequency words.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier?
A)response time
B)accuracy
C)verbal reports
D)content analysis
Answer: B
Q3) A person trying to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components is using __________.
A)fragmentation
B)reductionism
C)a parsing approach
D)distillation
Answer: B
Q4) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the brain?
A)lateral
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)occipital
Answer: A
Q2) A neuron has a resting potential of __________.
A)- 70 mV
B)0 mV
C)+ 30 mV
D)+ 170 mV
Answer: A
Q3) The action potential occurs at the synapse.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Connectionist models have been verified using fMRI recordings.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The name for a stored visual pattern used in perception is __________.
A)model
B)memory
C)template
D)organization
Answer: C
Q2) What is a geon?
A)a Gestalt grouping unit
B)a geometrical connectionist model
C)a basic building block of 3D perception
D)a primitive feature detector
Answer: C
Q3) What is the name of a phenomenon in which people perceive motion when in fact there is none?
Answer: (BETA MOVEMENT or PHI PHENOMENON)
Q4) Generally,more receptors synapse onto each bipolar cell in the periphery than in the fovea.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Practice and memory lead to automaticity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The attention process that keeps a person from searching the same place over and over is __________.
A)Type I selection
B)inhibition of return
C)multimodal modificational attention
D)sensory biases
Q3) For the metaphor of attention as a process,__________.
A)attention is a limited capacity
B)it is something that grows and develops over time
C)attention serves to direct mental processing
D)it is something that shifts and degrades over time
Q4) Describe two pieces of evidence against "early selection."
Q5) The failure to process perceptually available information is called __________.
A)inattention blindness
B)distraction
C)duality
D)ataxia
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mental manipulation of a visual short-term memory code that reorients the imagined object in space is __________.
A)channel capacity
B)the visuospatial sketchpad
C)the acoustic-articulatory store
D)mental rotation
Q2) Processing in the visuospatial sketchpad is least likely to be disrupted by __________.
A)tapping out a pattern with your fingers
B)visual noise in a display (such as a series of random patterns)
C)articulatory suppression
D)the passage of time
Q3) When the decline in performance caused by the previously given memory lists interfering forward in time with your recollection of the most recent list is greatly reduced as a result of a switch in the semantic category content of the current to-be-remembered stimulus list,you are experiencing ______________________.
Q4) The four major components of Baddeley's working memory model are ______________,_____________,______________,and ______________.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding,including all related information that was encoded along with it,determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.
A)Depth of processing
B)The method of savings
C)Elaborative encoding
D)Encoding specificity
Q2) Damage to what part of the brain led to H.M.'s severe anterograde amnesia?
A)hippocampus
B)corpus callosum
C)right hemisphere
D)left hemisphere
Q3) Maintenance rehearsal will never lead to multiple memory codes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a critical failure of the depth of processing account?
A)easy to understand
B)task effects
C)savings scores
D)retroactive interference
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is an advantage of feature list theories of semantic memory compared to semantic network models?
Q2) The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.This is evidence of __________.
A)serial position effect
B)Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis
C)semantic priming
D)natural categories
Q3) Associations are represented in a semantic network by __________.
A)nodes
B)networks
C)links
D)spreading activation
Q4) In connections networks,knowledge is represented in the strength of the ____________.
Q5) SOA stands for ________________________.
Q6) In what ways are schemata and categories similar,and in what ways are they different?
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person's understanding of the contents and processes of their own memory is called __________.
A)insight
B)introspection
C)propositional knowledge
D)metamemory
Q2) Which of these "sins of memory" is not like the others?
A)persistence
B)transience
C)blocking
D)absentmindedness
Q3) What were the central findings of Bahrick's work on "Fifty years of names and faces"?
Q4) Cryptomnesia is more likely to occur when __________.
A)prospective memory is involved
B)attention is focused
C)attention is divided
D)judgments of learning are low
Q5) When a memory is retrieved,held in a more malleable state,and then restored,this is called _______________.
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of linguistics was one of the foundations of the cognitive revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) With sufficient exposure,the ERPs to nonsense words look like ERPs to meaningful words.
A)True
B)False
Q3) That background characteristics within the language have been proposed to change how people understand the world reflects __________.
A)semantic functionality
B)encoding specificity
C)the case grammar approach
D)the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Q4) Mental lexicon is also known as __________.
A)semantics
B)syntax
C)grammar
D)sentence planning
Q5) The loss of the ability to comprehend language is associated with ________ aphasia.
11
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research by Zwaan,Stanfield,and Yaxley (2002)has shown that situation model construction of sentences such as The ranger saw the eagle in the sky involves
A)propositional coding
B)semantic case roles
C)overt cognition
D)embodied semantics
Q2) __________ is a principle measure of online reading comprehension.
A)Think-aloud procedure
B)Gaze duration
C)ERP
D)Accuracy
Q3) "Maria-José was studying hard for her cognition exam."
A)Cognition exam is the agent.
B)Maria-José is the antecedent of her.
C)Studying hard is an anaphoric reference.
D)Studying and exam are concurrent references.
Q4) What are two of the Gricean maxims of conversation?
Q5) What is the name of the effect that shows that people typically start by studying information that is way too hard for them?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When we alter an unusual story element,substituting a more typical or normal element in its place,we refer to this as reflecting __________.
A)the simulation heuristic
B)downhill change
C)uphill change
D)the familiarity bias
Q3) Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?
A)Clinical psychologists deviate from the DSM-IV based on their personal views of cause-effect relations.
B)Israeli students tend to judge simultaneous events in history from Europe as occurring before the matched event in North America.
C)the confirmation bias
D)all of the above
Q4) Why might we care about naïve physics?
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gestalt is __________.
A)a form
B)a function
C)production
D)implicit
Q2) The first genuine computer-based model of problem-solving behavior was
A)AMD
B)GPS
C)PDQ
D)SOA
Q3) A problem with explicit and complete initial and end states is called __________.
A)ill-defined
B)still-defined
C)well-defined
D)all-defined
Q4) The early work on problem solving was done by the German _____________ psychologists.
Q5) The name of the first problem-solving program was___________.
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Emotions are characterized by their ___________ and their _____________.
Q2) The Yerkes-Dodson law states the moderately emotional events are remembered worst.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppressing emotions gives you greater attentional control later.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What influence do emotions have on the processing of otherwise abstract words,like "redemption"?
A)They make them easier to process.
B)They make them harder to process.
C)Emotion is not involved with abstract words.
D)It depends on the valence of the emotion.
Q5) The weapon focus effect is __________.
A)when the presence of a weapon causes you to retrieve violence-related memories
B)the inability to focus on a weapon present in a scene because it is so aversive
C)the inverse of tunnel memories
D)poorer memory for other event details when a weapon is present
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the problems that children face in learning a language is the high degree of __________ of spoken language.
A)consistency
B)arrhythmia
C)variability
D)tension
Q2) When reading a fable,older adults may be more likely to draw an inference about the moral than younger adults because of preserved processing at the ____________ level.
Q3) With the natural aging process,semantic priming effects __________.
A)stay the same
B)grow larger
C)grow smaller
D)become more fragmented
Q4) Older adults show differences from younger adults in logical reasoning for __________ problems.
A)all kinds of
B)just the simplest
C)largely abstract
D)only the most complex
Page 16
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