Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience
Textbook Exam Questions
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes and behaviors, bridging the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and biology. The course examines how brain structure and function give rise to perception, attention, memory, language, decision-making, and consciousness. Topics include neuroimaging techniques, brain lesions, neural connectivity, and the integration of cognitive and neural data. Students gain insight into how disruptions in brain systems can affect cognition and behavior, with applications to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Through lectures, case studies, and research analysis, the course fosters an understanding of how the brain enables the mind.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
A) A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages
B) A computer program for solving logic problems
C) An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information
D) The first textbook of cognitive psychology
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
A) IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.
B) IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.
C) IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.
D) IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition.
Answer: B
Q3) According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of A) word familiarity.
B) sensory modality.
C) elapsed time.
D) reaction time.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties?
A) A tree
B) A web
C) A pipe
D) A river
Answer: B
Q2) Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
A) Specificity coding
B) Localization of function
C) Hierarchical processing
D) Distributed representation
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) Perception is NOT essential for
A) creating memories.
B) acquiring knowledge.
C) solving problems.
D) improving empathy.
Answer: D
Q2) The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the A) meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
B) regularly occurring physical properties of an environment.
C) inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus.
D) statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language.
Answer: A
Q3) People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the A) principle of size constancy.
B) oblique effect.
C) law of pragnanz.
D) law of good continuation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
A) the color and the name matched.
B) the color and the name differed.
C) the shape and the name matched.
D) the shape and the name differed.
Q2) Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?
A) Treisman's filter
B) Treisman's attenuator
C) MacKay's dictionary unit
D) Broadbent's detector
Q3) Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
A) the detector of Broadbent's filter model
B) the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
C) the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model
D) the synchronization stage of the executive attention network
Q4) Explain how operant conditioning plays a role in people's use of cell phones, even in situations where they should not. What strategies could be employed to minimize this process?
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
A) repetition
B) buffer
C) access
D) time
Q2) Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
A) iconic memory.
B) primary auditory memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) pre-perceptual auditory memory.
Q3) The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
A) working memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) episodic memory.
Q4) What is the relationship between digit span and chunking? Give an example of how both concepts apply in a single memory task.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Q1) The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
A) the hippocampus
B) synaptic consolidation
C) vitamin B1
D) deep processing
Q2) Explain how our episodic memories are linked to the future. Give an example that illustrates the adaptive role of memory in this context.
Q3) Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.
A) working
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) autobiographical
Q4) Explain the difference between "knowing" and "remembering" from Tulving's perspective. Give an example of each to support your thinking.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Q1) According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
A) short but all on a single day.
B) long and all on a single day.
C) short and across several days.
D) long and across several days.
Q2) ___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.
A) Remote
B) Standard
C) Systems
D) Synaptic
Q3) People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of A) the self-reference effect.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) levels of processing theory.
D) encoding specificity.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
A) Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child.
B) Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently.
C) Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
D) Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.
Q2) The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory A) is better for vivid descriptions.
B) is like a tape recording.
C) depends on the participant's mood.
D) involves making inferences.
Q3) Define source monitoring errors and describe some research that illustrates them. Then explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Q1) Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?
Q2) Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
A) Distributed processing
B) Cognitive economy
C) Prototype formation
D) Serial processing
Q3) The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
A) family resemblance.
B) prototypicality.
C) graded membership.
D) instance theory.
Q4) Explain how personal knowledge impacts the basic level of categorization under Rosch's approach. Give examples comparing two individuals' knowledge of a concept to support your thinking.
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Questions
Q1) Outline a multivoxel pattern analysis experiment that you would use to explore overlaps in perception and imagery. Be sure to note key concepts of this method in your response.
Q2) The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?
A) True lies
B) Amazing grace
C) Cake mug
D) Mission impossible
Q3) Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
A) a wolf.
B) an anteater.
C) a rhinoceros.
D) a bumblebee.
Q4) Explain how imagery neurons are similar to mirror neurons. Provide examples for each type of neuron to support your thinking.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
A) the cooperative principle
B) local connections
C) environmental context
D) instrumental inferences
Q2) Most of the coherence in text is created by
A) inference.
B) syntax.
C) parsing.
D) phoneme restoration.
Q3) In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?
A) Hyphen
B) Exclamation point
C) Period
D) Comma
Q4) Explain how language and music are both similar and different.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
A) Tower of Hanoi problem
B) Two-string problem
C) Mutilated checkerboard problem
D) The radiation problem
Q2) Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?
A) Compound
B) Divergent
C) Preinventive
D) Mindful
Q3) Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.
A) source
B) target
C) exemplar
D) prototype
Q4) What did Newell and Simon mean when stating that problem solving is a search? Be sure to use concepts and terms from the text to support your answer.
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Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Q1) Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of
A) the availability heuristic.
B) an illusory correlation.
C) selective attention.
D) the falsification principle.
Q2) The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.
A) availability heuristic
B) confirmatory bias
C) belief bias
D) mental set
Q3) Discuss how a person's judgments are affected by the way choices are framed. Give an example of a choice framed in terms of gains and an example of a choice framed in terms of losses. Which decision-making strategy is likely to be used in each case? Why?
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