Cognitive Neuroscience
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience is the scientific study of the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes, examining how the brain enables functions such as perception, memory, language, attention, and decision-making. This course integrates principles from psychology, neuroscience, and biology to explore how cognitive functions arise from brain activity, utilizing methods including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and case studies of brain lesions. Through an interdisciplinary approach, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between brain structure, function, and behavior, as well as insights into current research trends and technological advances in the field.
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Biopsychology 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the A) EKG.
B) ANS.
C) EEG.
D) electroencephalogram.
E) both C and D
Answer: E
Q2) The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called
A) glial cells.
B) axons.
C) neurons.
D) oligodendroglia.
E) sulci.
Answer: C
Q3) A __________ -subjects design is an experimental design that involves testing a different group of subjects under each condition of the experiment.
Answer: between
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking About the Biology of Behavior
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Q1) Descartes's philosophy was called A) monism.
B) behaviorism.
C) ethology.
D) mentalism.
E) dualism.
Answer: E
Q2) In each cell of the human body, there are normally
A) 21 chromosomes.
B) 21 pairs of chromosomes.
C) 23 genes.
D) 23 chromosomes.
E) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Answer: E
Q3) Maze-bright rats are less __________ than maze-dull rats.
Answer: emotional
Q4) The two genes that control the same trait are called __________.
Answer: alleles
Q5) Asomatognosia is typically produced by lesions to the right __________. Answer: parietal lobe
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Chapter 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
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Q1) The lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the
A) midbrain.
B) spinal cord.
C) cortex.
D) medulla.
E) thalamus.
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following part of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus?
A) massa intermedia
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebral aqueduct
D) corpus callosum
E) hippocampal commissure
Answer: A
Q3) Sensory signals enter the spinal cord via the __________ roots.
Answer: dorsal
Q4) The __________ stain colors entirely black a few neurons in each brain slice. Answer: Golgi
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
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Sample Questions
Q1) Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are
A) receptor blockers.
B) agonists of the neurotransmitter.
C) antagonists of the neurotransmitter.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Q2) Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?
A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
E) none of the above
Q3) Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to
A) a monoamine.
B) a soluble gas.
C) tryptophan.
D) an indolamine.
E) a choline molecule.
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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sexually receptive female rats often assume the __________ posture when mounted by a male rat.
Q2) Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of A) large signals.
B) sensory evoked potentials.
C) random signals.
D) the P300.
E) far-field potentials.
Q3) Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called A) unilateral lesions.
B) bilateral lesions.
C) monopolar lesions.
D) bipolar lesions.
E) unitary lesions.
Q4) A commonly used test of short-term memory is the __________ subtest of the WAIS.
Q5) Discuss the assessment of memory deficits in neuropsychological patients. Discuss the effectiveness of the memory span and repetition priming tests.
7
Q6) Many cancer patients receiving chemotherapy develop conditioned __________.
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Chapter 6: The Visual System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Projections to the visual cortex from the lateral geniculate nuclei terminate in cortical layer
A) I.
B) II.
C) III.
D) IV.
E) V.
Q2) Another name for primary visual cortex is
A) lateral geniculate cortex.
B) retinocortex.
C) striate cortex.
D) foveal cortex.
E) optic cortex.
Q3) The major distortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionately
A) high cortical representation of the fovea.
B) low cortical representation of the fovea.
C) low cortical representation of color.
D) high cortical representation of movement.
E) low cortical representation of movement.
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Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception
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Q1) All of the olfactory receptor cells with the same receptor protein
A) are located in the same part of the mucosa.
B) are scattered throughout the mucosa.
C) project to the same locations (glomeruli) of the olfactory bulbs.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C
Q2) Taste receptors typically occur in clusters of 50 to 100. These clusters are called
A) glomeruli.
B) taste buds.
C) taste receptor nuclei.
D) papillae.
E) taste mucosas.
Q3) In humans and other primates, large bilateral auditory cortex lesions produce
A) permanent total deafness.
B) permanent partial deafness.
C) a permanent deficit in the ability to localize sounds and discriminate frequencies.
D) total deafness that is permanent only in the ipsilateral field.
E) total deafness that is permanent only in the contralateral field.
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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a remarkable demonstration, Belle, the owl monkey, controlled the movements of a robotic arm
A) by pressing buttons.
B) with the activity of neurons in her primary motor cortex.
C) with speech sounds.
D) with monkey calls.
E) by providing visual feedback to the arm.
Q2) Increases in muscle tension in the absence of any shortening of the muscle are said to be
A) contractions.
B) dynamic.
C) extensions.
D) isometric.
E) synergistic.
Q3) The tension of a muscle can be increased by increasing
A) the number of active neurons in its motor pool.
B) the level of activity of neurons in its motor pool.
C) the number of active neurons in its motor unit.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
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Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System
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Q1) Eyes and optic tectums grow at different rates. As they grow, the synaptic connections that were originally formed on the tectum by axons of retinal ganglion cells shift so that the retina is always fully and faithfully mapped on the tectum. This finding supports the
A) chemoaffinity hypothesis.
B) pioneer hypothesis.
C) topographic-gradient hypothesis.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
Q2) In frogs, salamanders, and other simple vertebrates, retinal ganglion cells project primarily to the A) thalamus.
B) tectum.
C) tegmentum.
D) cerebellum.
E) visual cortex.
Q3) Aggregation of neurons is thought to be mediated by __________ molecules.
Q4) If just one eye is deprived of light for several days early in life, the width of the associated ocular __________ in layer IV of primary visual cortex become narrower.
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Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease are
A) serotonin agonists.
B) dopamine agonists.
C) GABA agonists.
D) glutamate agonists.
E) none of the above
Q2) The major neurochemical correlate of Parkinson's disease is a reduction of A) cortical acetylcholine.
B) dopamine in the substantia nigra and striatum.
C) acetylcholine in the striatum.
D) serotonin in the cortex.
E) the ratio of acetylcholine to dopamine in the cortex.
Q3) Most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin are not associated with a dominant gene. Explain why this is so, and describe two situations in which there could be an exception to this general principle. Finally, describe a neuropsychological disease associated with a dominant gene, and explain why it is an exception.
Q4) Describe the kindling model. What aspects of epilepsy does it model?
Q5) An area of dead tissue produced by a stroke is called an __________.
Q6) There are two main categories of __________ seizures: simple and complex.
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Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
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Q1) Approximately __________% of people experience infantile amnesia.
Q2) Damage to the __________ nuclei of the thalamus is currently thought to account for many of the memory problems experienced by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.
Q3) Which of the following is regarded as a critical factor in the induction of LTP?
A) the hippocampus
B) co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
C) the amygdala
D) reinforcement
E) expression
Q4) It is widely believed that damage to the hippocampus is the major factor in the difficulties that medial temporal lobe amnesics have in recognizing objects. Why? What does relevant research on monkeys and rats suggest?
Q5) The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.
A) serotonin
B) glutamate
C) dopamine
D) GABA
E) nitric oxide
Q6) NMDA receptors respond to the __________ neurotransmitter.
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Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Grossly obese rats that are regulating their weights after large bilateral VMH lesions are usually
A) moderately hyperphagic.
B) grossly hyperphagic.
C) moderately hypophagic.
D) grossly hypophagic.
E) aphagic.
Q2) Animals learn to
A) prefer the tastes of key vitamins and minerals in their food.
B) prefer tastes that have been followed by an infusion of calories.
C) avoid tastes that have been followed by gastrointestinal illness.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C
Q3) The pancreatic hormone that is released prior to and during a meal is __________.
Q4) People who live in the Japanese island of __________ tend to eat much less than others, but they were found to be more healthy and to live longer.
Q5) In our culture, most anorexics and bulimics have a history of strict __________.
Q6) In nature, __________ tastes are often associated with toxins.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following brain structures are known to play a role in human sexual behavior?
A) cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) amygdala
D) ventral striatum
E) all of the above
Q2) People who are sexually attracted to members of either sex are
A) hypersexual.
B) heterosexual.
C) homosexual.
D) bisexual.
E) transsexual.
Q3) The first releasing hormone to be isolated was
A) gonadotropin releasing hormone.
B) thyrotropin releasing hormone.
C) follicle stimulating hormone.
D) luteinizing hormone.
E) growth hormone releasing factor.
Q4) Egg and sperm cells combine to form a cell called a __________.
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Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The EEG of a cerveau isolé is desynchronized only during A) sleep.
B) wakefulness.
C) intense visual or olfactory stimuli.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
Q2) Which of the following is a problem with the long-term use of benzodiazepines to treat insomnia?
A) tolerance
B) reduction of life expectancy
C) distortion of normal sleep
D) next-day drowsiness.
E) all of the above
Q3) The EOG is a measure of
A) the first-night phenomenon.
B) eye movement.
C) eye-muscle tension.
D) stage 1 EEG.
E) both B and C
Q4) Somnambulism usually occurs during stage __________ sleep.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits
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Sample Questions
Q1) During cocaine sprees, there is a risk of A) convulsions.
B) respiratory arrest.
C) stroke.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) The branch of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area is called the
A) mesocorticolimbic pathway.
B) tegmental-striate pathway.
C) medial forebrain bundle.
D) fornix.
E) nigrostriatal pathway.
Q3) In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to A) keep the sailors happy on long voyages.
B) suppress sexual urges during long voyages.
C) treat scurvy.
D) make rope.
E) feed pigs.
Q4) The best animal model of human drug addiction is the drug __________ paradigm.
17
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Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain
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Q1) The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere
A) interpreter.
B) reporter.
C) responder.
D) calculator.
E) scientist.
Q2) The Z lens was developed by A) Zaidel.
B) Zalman Amit.
C) Zurif.
D) Zimbardo.
E) Zola-Morgan.
Q3) A major difficulty in studying the asymmetry of the cortical language areas is A) their boundaries are unclear.
B) they differ greatly from person to person.
C) that it is unclear how anatomical asymmetries are related to functional asymmetries.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
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Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Q1) During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the
A) back, near the base of the tail.
B) back of the neck.
C) throat.
D) nose.
E) hind legs.
Q2) The limbic system rings the A) hypothalamus.
B) cingulate.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.
E) thalamus.
Q3) The discovery that stress increases susceptibility to infection led to the creation of a new field of research, __________.
Q4) The __________ system received its name because it rings the thalamus.
Q5) The dominant male of a rat colony is called the __________ male.
Q6) When conspecific threat is a continuous feature of daily life, it produces __________ stress.
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Q7) Unlike false smiles, Duchenne smiles always involve the __________ muscles.
Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders
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Q1) Common verbal tics of Tourette syndrome include A) echolalia.
B) coprolalia.
C) palilia.
D) barking.
E) all of the above
Q2) Support for the neuroplasticity of depression comes from the discovery that ketamine
A) alleviates depression within hours.
B) stimulates widespread synaptogenesis.
C) eliminates mania.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q3) One serious shortcoming of conventional animal models of anxiety is that they A) may be models of benzodiazepine-sensitive anxiety rather than anxiety disorders in general.
B) they work only in primates.
C) model only phobic disorders.
D) model only generalized anxiety.
E) are not sensitive to anxiolytic effects.
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