Cognitive Neuroscience
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Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary course that explores the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior. Integrating concepts from psychology, neuroscience, and biology, the course examines how brain structure and function give rise to mental processes such as perception, memory, language, attention, decision-making, and consciousness. Students will learn about cutting-edge research techniques, including neuroimaging and electrophysiology, and discuss landmark studies that link brain activity to cognitive functions. The course also addresses clinical applications and explores how brain disorders affect cognitive abilities, providing a comprehensive understanding of the brains role in shaping the mind.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production?
A)Flourens
B)Wernicke
C)Broca
D)Brodmann
Answer: C
Q2) As a first approximation,individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________,whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________.
A)fine motor control / the sense of touch
B)the sense of touch / fine motor control
C)the production of language / the perception of language
D)the perception of language / the production of language
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The general term for a molecule that binds to a protein,such as an ion channel,is a(n)
A)receptor.
B)ligand.
C)second messenger. D)amine.
Answer: B
Q2) If you inserted a micropipette into a neuron without harming the cell,and pumped in a small quantity of calcium ions,each of which carried two positive charges,how would this affect the membrane potential?
A)The membrane potential would become depolarized relative to the resting potential. B)The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized relative to the resting potential.
C)There would be no change because calcium does not contribute to the resting potential.
D)There would be no change because the sodium-potassium pump would remove excess calcium from the cell.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tough layer of collagenous fibers that encloses the brain within the skull is the A)gray matter.
B)white matter.
C)myelin sheath.
D)dura mater.
Answer: D
Q2) All of the following functions are associated with the limbic system EXCEPT A)memory.
B)learning.
C)emotion.
D)sleep.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered part of the forebrain?
A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Pons
D)Cerebral cortex
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following degenerative disorders is believed to have the strongest genetic component?
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Parkinson's disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)Korsakoff's disease
Q2) A blockage of the posterior cerebral arteries that resulted in brain damage would most likely cause a deficit in A)vision.
B)motor function.
C)somatosensation.
D)speech.
Q3) What can you infer about the responsiveness of two neurons in the visual cortex that lie next to each other in V1?
A)Both cells share a common receptive field.
B)The cells are sensitive to exactly the same stimulus characteristics.
C)The receptive fields of these cells are also next to each other.
D)Both cells have identical baseline activity rates.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses?
A)Proprioception
B)Vision
C)Olfaction
D)Audition
Q2) Konishi's model of spatial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using ________,whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using ________.
A)relative rate of firing / coincidence detectors
B)coincidence detectors / relative rate of firing
C)unimodal processing / multimodal integration
D)multimodal integration / unimodal processing
Q3) The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
A)Somatosensation and vision
B)Vision and audition
C)Olfaction and gustation
D)Somatosensation and proprioception
Q4) Why might it be computationally useful for the primate brain to have so many different visual areas?
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) It has been suggested that the fusiform gyrus is specialized for processing faces.What are the sources of evidence for and against this position?
Q2) Warrington (1985)proposed an anatomical model of the cognitive operations necessary to explain object recognition.The first stage in this model involves the detection and categorization of visually invariant information,which occurs in the ________ hemisphere;the second stage involves the semantic categorization of visual input,which occurs in ________ hemisphere(s).
A)left / the right
B)left / both the left and right
C)right / the left
D)right / both the left and right
Q3) A patient like G.S.who had visual object agnosia would have difficulty in identifying an object unless
A)the object had been familiar to him prior to his brain injury.
B)he was asked to describe the object's use rather than its specific name.
C)he was permitted to touch the object before making a response.
D)the object was presented in the contralesional side of the visual field.
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heilman and colleagues (1982)asked patients to choose the appropriate manual gesture for a given activity,such as slicing a loaf of bread with a knife or unlocking a door with a key.The different gestures were performed by an actor on video.Which of the following best summarizes the results of this study?
A)The patients with frontal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task,whereas the patients with parietal lobe lesions performed well.
B)The patients with parietal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task,whereas the patients with temporal lobe lesions performed well.
C)The patients with parietal lobe lesions performed poorly on this task,whereas the patients with frontal lobe lesions performed well.
D)Both frontal and parietal lobe injuries produced poor performance on this task.
Q2) In performing a sequence of complex actions,such as playing the piano,each movement is planned primarily in relation to the immediately preceding and subsequent movements.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Q1) Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory.In your answer,provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model,along with their likely neurological correlates.
Q2) Patient H.M.is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the ________.
A)medial temporal lobes / cerebellum
B)cerebellum / diencephalon
C)diencephalon / medial temporal lobes
D)medial temporal lobes / diencephalon
Q3) ________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.
A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Explicit memory
Q4) _____________ refers to memory about the context (such as time or place)in which a fact was learned.
A)Implicit memory
B)Semantic memory
C)Nonassociative learning
D)Source memory
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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Q1) In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. ,1990),some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________,whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.
A)approach / withdraw
B)withdraw / approach
C)assess directly / assess indirectly
D)assess indirectly / assess directly
Q2) One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The amygdala consists of several subnuclei.During fear conditioning,information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________.
A)lateral nucleus / central nucleus
B)central nucleus / lateral nucleus
C)lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus
D)medial geniculate nucleus / lateral geniculate nucleus
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient's symptoms include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output.Which part of this person's brain is most likely damaged?
A)The anterior language areas in the right hemisphere
B)The posterior language areas in the right hemisphere
C)The anterior language areas in the left hemisphere
D)The posterior language areas in the left hemisphere
Q2) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference to meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics,syntax,orthography,and phonology of words.
A)word form
B)acquired dyslexia
C)mental lexicon
D)prosody
Q4) What role does the right hemisphere play in language comprehension? Describe two experimental techniques that would allow you to dissociate the contribution of the right hemisphere from that of the left.
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main mass of fibers that carries signals from the cortex in one cerebral hemisphere to the other is called the A)anterior commissure.
B)corpus callosum.
C)arcuate fasciculus.
D)planum temporale.
Q2) The idea that the visual system carries out information processing similar to Fourier analysis is supported by the observation that A)horseradish peroxidase staining studies have shown that neurons in the visual cortex are organized according to local-global structure.
B)single-cell recording studies of the visual cortex have revealed the presence of sinusoidal gratings in the brain.
C)many visual neurons have receptive fields that are maximally excited by bars of light of particular widths.
D)most neurons in the visual cortex have receptive fields that are maximally sensitive to low-contrast stimuli.
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Q1) The idea that we successfully perform many tasks even though we have little conscious awareness of the information processing operations that are involved in completing these tasks is best supported by A)the Stroop effect.
B)experiments with the visual search task.
C)studies of subliminal perception.
D)investigations of explicit long-term memory.
Q2) In dichotic listening studies,it has been found that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel.This finding suggests that A)selection occurs late in perceptual processing.
B)selection occurs early in perceptual processing.
C)there is a separate cognitive system for name recognition.
D)recognition of familiar stimuli does not require attention.
Q3) Describe the basic findings of the visual search research conducted by Treisman and colleagues.In particular,describe the difference between a feature search and a conjunction search.Draw a figure illustrating a typical response time pattern for the two search types.
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) You have just been introduced to two people,one of whom suffers from a frontal lobe syndrome and the other from visual agnosia.However,you do not know which person is which.Describe some questions or tasks that you could use to determine which person has the frontal lobe syndrome and which one has visual agnosia.
Q2) The n-back task requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Brodmann's area 46 corresponds to which of the following brain regions?
A)The superior temporal cortex
B)The precentral gyrus
C)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)The anterior cingulate
Q4) Lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex disrupt ________ memory but not ________ memory.
A)long-term / working
B)long-term / short-term
C)working / long-term
D)working / short-term
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Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Q1) Neuroeconomic functional MRI studies have suggested that rational decision making is associated with the ________,and emotion-driven decision making is associated with the ________.
A)orbitofrontal cortex / cingulate
B)orbitofrontal cortex / amygdala
C)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / cingulate
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / amygdala
Q2) Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contra-coup injury?
A)The occipital cortex
B)The parietal cortex
C)The temporal cortex
D)The orbitofrontal cortex
Q3) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The anterior cingulate cortex is important for distinguishing positive self-relevant information from negative self-relevant information.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Q1) In his book,________,________ argued for the gene-centered rather than the organism-centered view of evolution.
A)Sociobiology / E.O.Wilson
B)The Selfish Gene / E.O.Wilson
C)Sociobiology / Richard Dawkins
D)The Selfish Gene / Richard Dawkins
Q2) Traits have no absolute value;rather,their value is measured by how well they contribute to fitness in a particular environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to François Jacob (1977),natural selection works like a A)scientist.
B)tinkerer.
C)engineer.
D)traveling salesman.
Q4) The term genetic pleiotropy means that
A)each gene is responsible for a single function or behavior.
B)each gene contributes to many different functions or behaviors.
C)each function or behavior is affected by many genes.
D)Both b and c are correct.
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