Cognitive Neuroscience Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes such as perception, memory, language, decision-making, and consciousness. The course bridges psychology and neuroscience, examining how brain structure and function relate to mental activities. Students will learn about research methods used to study the brain, including neuroimaging and electrophysiology, and will analyze current findings on how brain networks contribute to human thought and behavior. Through lectures and practical examples, the course fosters an understanding of the biological basis of cognition and its implications for health and society.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition by Bryan Kolb
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Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is epigenetics and why is it an important topic to study?
Answer: no answer
Q2) How might climate changes have influenced the evolution of the human brain?
Answer: Climate changes could have influenced the evolution of the human brain in several ways. One possibility is that as the climate changed, it would have affected the availability of food sources. This could have led to the need for humans to adapt and develop new hunting and gathering strategies, which would have required increased cognitive abilities. Additionally, changes in climate could have also led to the need for humans to develop new tools and technologies to survive in different environments, further driving the evolution of the brain. Furthermore, fluctuations in climate could have also impacted social structures and interactions, leading to the need for increased communication and cooperation, which would have also influenced the development of the human brain. Overall, climate changes could have played a significant role in shaping the evolution of the human brain by driving the need for increased cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and social intelligence.
Q3) What is materialism and how has it influenced the study of neuroscience?
Answer: no answer
Q4) What are memes and how do they influence our evolution?
Answer: no answer
Page 3
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Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans,tigers,dogs,and monkeys are all part of the same: A) species.
B) class.
C) genus.
D) family.
Answer: B
Q2) Brain size is correlated with:
A) plasticity.
B) body size.
C) nutrition.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Q3) "Behavior consists of patterns in time" is a definition of behavior expounded by: A) D.O.Hebb.
B) Edmond Jacobson.
C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D) Fred Linge.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Answer: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. When activated, it increases heart rate, dilates the airways, and redirects blood flow to the muscles, preparing the body for physical activity. This response is triggered in times of stress or danger.
On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows down heart rate, constricts the airways, and stimulates digestion. This response helps the body to relax and recover after a stressful situation.
In summary, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action and stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and recovery. These two systems work in balance to maintain homeostasis in the body.
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Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensory and motor signals to the arms are sent through _____ sections of the spinal cord.
A) sacral
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) cervical
Q2) Coronal section is to horizontal section as:
A) frontal view is to dorsal view.
B) medial view is to frontal view.
C) frontal view is to medial view.
D) dorsal view is to medial view.
Q3) Memory and emotion are processed by the:
A) limbic system.
B) basal ganglia.
C) thalamus.
D) parietal lobe.
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Chapter 3:What Are the Nervous System's Functional Units?
Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the three types of brain tumors? How do they differ from one another?
Q2) Differentiate between dominant and recessive genes.
Q3) What is selective breeding,and how can it be used to select for specific traits? Give an example.
Q4) Differentiate between Santiago Ramón y Cajal's and Camillo Golgi's views on brain cell functioning.
Q5) What are the major functions of astroglia?
Q6) How does genetic engineering help us understand the human condition?
Q7) What is Down syndrome,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q8) List the internal components of a cell.
Q9) What is Huntington disease,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q10) What role do Golgi bodies play inside of neurons?
Q11) List the types of genetic engineering.
Q12) What are the differences between knock-in and knockout mice?
Q13) What are three major types of neurons? How are they functionally different? Page 7
Q14) What is epigenetics? Why is studying it important?
Q15) What are the major functions of ependymal cells?
Q16) List the functions of the cell nucleus.
Q17) What are the five types of glial cells,and what are their primary functions?
Q18) What functions do proteins contribute to cell function?
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Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Huntington disease,as the number of CAG repeats on the HTT (huntingtin)gene exceeds 40:
A) the earlier in life symptoms will begin.
B) the less likely a person is to develop Huntington disease.
C) the less severe the symptoms will be.
D) the more likely the chances of contracting rabies.
Q2) Myelin around axons:
A) speeds up transmission of information.
B) slows down transmission as if by an insulator.
C) has no effect on speed of transmission but acts as a protective coat on the fragile axon.
D) has no effect on speed of transmission but allows the cell access to nutrition.
Q3) _____ are involved in transporting molecules and help give the cell its shape.
A) Axons
B) Golgi bodies
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Tubules
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Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is back propagation,and how is it linked with neuroplasticity?
Q2) What processes participate in maintaining the resting potential?
Q3) How does the sodium-potassium pump work?
Q4) Differentiate between a diffusion and a concentration gradient.
Q5) What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)and how is it recorded?
Q6) What are temporal and spatial summation?
Q7) What is a voltmeter?
Q8) What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? What are some of the identified risk factors for MS?
Q9) How do nerve impulses produce movement?
Q10) What is a graded potential?
Q11) What is the patch technique?
Q12) Differentiate between a negative and a positive pole.
Q13) What are voltage-sensitive ion channels?
Q14) What are the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)? What neural structures are damaged? Page 10
Q15) Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods.
Q16) What are nodes of Ranvier,and what role do they play in the conduction of nerve impulses?
Q17) What is the difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization?
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Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ won the Nobel Prize in 1963 for being the first to describe the electrical activity of neurons.
A) Young
B) von Helmholtz
C) Hodgkin and Huxley
D) Watson and Crick
Q2) An electroencephalogram,or EEG,can theoretically be recorded by:
A) a voltmeter.
B) a current meter.
C) an amp meter.
D) either a voltmeter or a current meter.
Q3) Microelectrodes can:
A) be made from glass.
B) be made from wire.
C) have a tip as small as 0.001 millimeter.
D) All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Q1) _____ is a neurotransmitter that helps control arousal,walking,and the contraction of smooth muscle.It also contributes to asthma,a constriction of the airways.
A) Acetylcholine
B) Histamine
C) Glycine
D) Dopamine
Q2) _____ is linked with shaking in the limbs,loss of balance,and general loss of muscular control.
A) Parkinson disease
B) Lou Gehrig disease
C) Huntington disease
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) _____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes.
A) Reuptake
B) Degradation
C) Breakdown
D) Decay
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Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the four main amino acid transmitters and what are their functions?
Q2) How did chemical transmitters originate?
Q3) Describe the synthesis of the amine neurotransmitters.
Q4) What neurotransmitter system is used in the somatic nervous system (SNS)? How does it activate lead to depolarization?
Q5) What are the four major classes of neurotransmitters?
Q6) What are the four steps involved in transmitting information across a chemical synapse?
Q7) What are the different ways in which a neurotransmitter could become deactivated?
Q8) What are the three ways a synapse can change in order to accommodate learning?
Q9) What are the neurochemical neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?
Q10) What are the differences between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?
Q11) List four peptide transmitters.
Q12) Define sensitization.What is the synaptic basis of sensitization?
Q13) Define habituation.What is the synaptic basis of the habituation response? Page 14
Q14) What behaviors are associated with the serotonergic system?
Q15) What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Q16) What are transmitter-activated receptors?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?
Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the disinhibition theory of alcohol use.
Q2) What is the organizational hypothesis?
Q3) Give examples of drugs that are used to treat depression.What types of receptors do they operate on?
Q4) Why is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine important? What are the effects of curare on acetylcholine?
Q5) Differentiate between agonists and antagonists.
Q6) Give examples of three different types of amphetamines.What neurotransmitter systems do these drugs operate on?
Q7) What evidence suggests that changes in cognitive behavior are a result of gonadal hormones?
Q8) List three drugs used for the treatment of depression and describe how they work (i.e. ,what neurotransmitter systems are involved).
Q9) What is the difference between morphine and heroin?
Q10) Describe the processes that are involved in starting and stopping the stress response.?
Q11) What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence? Page 16
Q12) What are the effects on the brain of chronically high cortisol levels?
Q13) List the most efficient routes of drug administration.
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and
Behavior? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensitivity to drugs is determined by:
A) size.
B) sex.
C) age.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Enkephalins and dynorphins are examples of:
A) opioid analgesics.
B) amphetamines.
C) endorphins.
D) antipsychotics.
Q3) _____ deficiency has been linked with higher rates of depression.
A) Vitamin E
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin B
D) Vitamin A
Q4) Various forms of _____ have been used as study pills by students.
A) barbiturates
B) opioids
C) amphetamines
D) antipsychotics
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and
Functions? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a magnetoencephalogram (MEG)? How is it similar to an electroencephalogram and event-related potentials?
Q2) Describe the differences in patterns of EEG activity when a person is in an awake or excited state compared to a relaxed state with eyes closed.
Q3) How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat Parkinson's disease?
Q4) How does transcranial magnetic stimulation work? What does it study?
Q5) What three tests make use of a hidden platform in a swimming pool to examine memory in rats?
Q6) Describe epigenetics.
Q7) What are the differences between an MRI and an fMRI?
Q8) What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?
Q9) What are event-related potentials?
Q10) What is optogenetics? How is it used to excite and inhibit neurons?
Q11) What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)? What is it used to study?
Q12) How does a CT scan work?
Q13) What are spatial and temporal resolutions? Why are these concepts important for Page 19
Q14) Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.
Q15) What is an EEG? What are the features of the brain revealed by an EEG?
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) If one is interested in measuring changes in brain activity over the frontal lobes as infants and toddlers learn language,the best technique to use is:
A) ECG.
B) MRI.
C) CT.
D) fNIRS.
Q2) In optogenetics,channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)can be used to _____ neurons,whereas halorhodopsin (NpHR)can be used to _____ neurons.
A) depolarize;hyperpolarize
B) hyperpolarize;depolarize
C) inactivate;activate D) destroy;promote the growth of
Q3) The COMT gene has been linked with: A) depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
D) dementia.
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Page 21
Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is imprinting? What brain structures are related to imprinting?
Q2) What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?
Q3) Define masculinization.What hormones are responsible for masculinization and on what brain areas do they have the greatest influence?
Q4) Differentiate between a zygote,an embryo,and a fetus.
Q5) Define the term critical period and its relation to development.
Q6) At what age do planning abilities become fully developed?
Q7) Describe Piaget's four stages of development.
Q8) From what does the nervous system develop? What is the subventricular zone?
Q9) What is SIDS? What role does serotonin play in SIDS?
Q10) Explain how language develops over the first 6 years of life.Which brain regions demonstrate the greatest changes?
Q11) Describe the process of myelination and its relationship to neural development.
Q13) What brain regions demonstrate increased activation for second languages? Page 22
Q12) What are neurotrophic factors (give examples)? What role do they play in the development of the nervous system?
Q14) Why are neural stem cells so important?
Q15) List the seven stages of brain development.
Q16) What is synaptic pruning? Describe the process of synaptic pruning over time.
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Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about synaptic pruning is NOT true?
A) Synaptic pruning probably can be influenced by drugs.
B) Synaptic pruning is proportionally larger in smaller-brained animals.
C) Synaptic pruning is probably influenced by hormones.
D) Synaptic pruning is probably influenced by experience.
Q2) Masculinization refers to the effects of:
A) testosterone on brain cells.
B) too little estrogen on female embryos.
C) testosterone on female embryos.
D) too little estrogen on brain cells.
Q3) Which of the following sequences is correct according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A) sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational
B) sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,formal operational
C) sensorimotor,concrete operational,formal operational,preoperational
D) sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational
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Part A
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Q1) What are the symptoms of visual-form agnosia?
Q2) Differentiate between the functions of blob and interblob regions of visual cortex?
Q3) To what stimulus does a complex cortical cell respond?
Q4) Compare and contrast the symptoms of visual-form agnosia and optic ataxia.What do these two disorders tell us about how the visual system is organized?
Q5) To what stimulus does a simple cortical cell respond?
Q6) What are the main properties that differentiate rods and cones? How are they distributed in the retina?
Q7) To what stimulus does a hypercomplex cell respond?
Q8) Describe how on-center and off-center cells enable us to see edges and shapes in our visual world.
Q9) Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Q10) What is an on-center off-surround cell?
Q11) What is trichromatic color theory? At what point in the visual system is trichromatic color coding initiated?
Page 25
Q12) What type of vision loss would occur following damage to the right optic nerve compared with damage to the right lateral geniculate nucleus?
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Part C
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Q1) Which of the following sequences is correct?
A) rods,cones,bipolar,ganglion,lateral geniculate,simple cortical cells
B) rods,cones,ganglion,bipolar,lateral geniculate,simple cortical cells
C) rods,cones,bipolar,ganglion,simple cortical cells,lateral geniculate
D) rods,cones,ganglion,lateral geniculate,bipolar,simple cortical cells
Q2) The dorsal stream projects to the:
A) occipital lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) temporal lobe.
D) limbic lobe.
Q3) A second main visual pathway (in addition to the geniculostriate system)is organized as follows:
A) retina,lateral geniculate nucleus,superior colliculus,pulvinar,striate cortex,other visual areas.
B) retina,superior colliculus,pulvinar,striate cortex,other visual areas.
C) retina,superior colliculus,pulvinar,other visual areas.
D) retina,pulvinar,superior colliculus,other visual areas.
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Sample Questions
Q1) What speech area did Penfield map in the human brain? How are these regions influenced by electrical stimulation?
Q2) List the variables that affect birdsong.
Q3) Where on the cortex is Wernicke's area?
Q4) Which two brain areas are most important for birdsong and what roles do they play?
Q5) How do humans localize the source of high-frequency and low-frequency sounds in the environment? Which brain regions are involved?
Q6) List the structures in the auditory pathway in the correct order from cochlea to cortex.
Q7) What is the difference between Heschl's gyrus and the planum temporale?
Q8) Differentiate between the roles of the outer and inner hair cells in the ear.
Q9) Differentiate between receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia.
Q10) How are blind humans able to use echolocation to identify objects? Which brain regions are involved?
Q11) What is a complex tone? How are complex tones analyzed?
Q12) What are the three main physical properties of sound waves and how do they influence auditory perception? Page 28
Q13) Which brain regions are involved in music perception?
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Page 29
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Sample Questions
Q1) Damage to the _____ can cause problems with both language and taste perception.
A) left planum temporale
B) insula
C) left Wernicke's area
D) right parietal cortex
Q2) Research into the acquisition of birdsong has indicated that birdsongs are:
A) learned from other birds.
B) genetically determined.
C) learned specifically from parents.
D) genetically determined and learned from other birds.
Q3) It is likely that speech and music perception are located in the:
A) frontal lobes.
B) parietal lobes.
C) temporal lobes.
D) frontal and temporal lobes.
Q4) Sounds that are louder than _____ are considered by most people to be loud.
A) 50 dB
B) 90 dB
C) 100 dB
D) 70 dB
30
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between rapidly adapting and slowly adapting receptors.
Q2) What kinds of movement problems arise following damage to premotor cortex?
Q3) What are the basal ganglia? What role do the basal ganglia play in motor control?
Q4) What are the three major classes of somatosensory receptors? What role does each of these classes of receptors play in somatosensation?
Q5) Describe the effects of caudate-putamen damage.
Q6) How does the cerebellum improvement movement control?
Q7) Compare and contrast the roles of the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts in motor control.
Q8) Describe the gate theory of pain.What is a pain gate?
Q9) What is phantom limb pain? What does existence of phantom limb pain tell us about the organization of the somatosensory system?
Q10) What are the components of the vestibular system? What is the role of the vestibular system in somatosensation?
Q11) What are the causes and symptoms of cerebral palsy?
Q12) What are the roles of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia? Page 31
Q14) How does the motor cortex change in response to damage?
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part C
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Q1) On the motor homunculus:
A) all muscles are given equal representation.
B) an inverse relation exists between motor control and the space allocated on the homunculus.
C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.
D) no clear relation exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the motor cortex.
Q2) The spinal cord has a role in:
A) conveying sensory and motor information between the brain and body.
B) reflexive behaviors.
C) walking.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) Unilateral damage to the spinal cord will result in the loss of _____ on the same side of the body and loss of _____ on the opposite side of the body below the site of the damage.
A) touch and proprioception;pain and temperature
B) pain and temperature;touch and proprioception
C) pain and touch;temperature and proprioception
D) temperature and touch;pain and proprioception
Page 33
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part A
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Q1) A pigeon cannot be trained to peck a disk to:
A) receive food.
B) receive water.
C) escape from foot shock.
D) obtain sex.
Q2) Matt is running a marathon in the middle of a heat wave and is extremely worried about getting dehydrated,so he starts to consume large amounts of water.Suddenly his heartbeat becomes irregular and he gets a severe headache.You tell Matt that he should:
A) drink more water because he is probably very dehydrated.
B) see a doctor because he might be having a heart attack.
C) stop drinking water because he is experiencing water intoxication.
D) start running again until the feeling goes away.
Q3) Which of the following hormones controls secretions of the mammary glands?
A) luteinizing hormone
B) prolactin
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a frontal lobotomy? What effects did this surgical procedure have on behavior?
Q2) What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Q3) What is the function of the amygdala in the experience of emotion?
Q4) List the symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
Q5) What is evolutionary psychology? How does evolutionary psychology explain the existence of behaviors that seem maladaptive,such as homicide?
Q6) Define innate releasing mechanism and give a specific example.
Q7) How does the hypothalamus influence sexual behavior?
Q8) Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder,panic disorder,and phobias.
Q9) Describe the structure of the olfactory system.Which types of neurons are involved in smell perception and what roles do they play? To which brain regions to these signals get relayed?
Q10) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in initiating and stopping eating.
Q12) Describe the gustatory pathway from the taste receptors to the primary gustatory Page 35
Q11) Compare and contrast regulatory and nonregulatory behaviors.List some specific examples of each.
Q13) Differentiate between the activating versus organizing effects of sex hormones.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part A
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Q1) Research into the neural basis of cataplexy has shown that during episodes of cataplexy:
A) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive.
B) neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.
C) neurons in the peribrachial area become active.
D) neurons in the subcoerulear nucleus become inactive and neurons in the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla become active.
Q2) REM (rapid eye movement)sleep occurs during:
A) stage 1.
B) stage 2.
C) stages 3 and 4.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q3) The theory that dreams signify distant human memories was expounded by:
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J.Allan Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part B
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Q1) What happens if you remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus and keep it alive in a dish? What does this tell us about the origin of its rhythmic activity?
Q2) Differentiate between alpha,beta,and delta brain rhythms.
Q3) What evidence supports the notion that memories are consolidated during sleep?
Q4) What cortical changes occur to the electroencephalogram when you awaken? What neurotransmitters are involved?
Q5) What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in biological rhythms? What role do core and shell neurons play in biological rhythms?
Q6) How is sleep measured in the laboratory?
Q7) What activities occur during NREM sleep?
Q8) Describe the coping hypothesis of dreams.
Q9) Describe the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming.
Q10) What are the main causes of insomnia?
Q11) What is restless legs syndrome?
Q12) What is the reticular activating system,and what are its functions in relation to sleep and wakefulness?
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Q13) What are the symptoms of sleep apnea? What are its main causes?
Q14) What are the symptoms of cataplexy?
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part A
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Q1) Research suggests that LTP increases synaptic effectiveness by:
A) increasing the size of axons.
B) increasing the firing rate of presynaptic neurons.
C) increasing the number of synapses on postsynaptic dendrites.
D) decreasing the amount of glutamate released by presynaptic neurons.
Q2) Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H.M.'s surgery?
A) implicit memory
B) verbal memory
C) explicit memory
D) visuospatial memory
Q3) Eyeblink conditioning involves neural circuits in the:
A) cerebellum.
B) amygdala.
C) orbital frontal cortex.
D) occipital lobe.
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part B
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Q1) What happens to a motor map after the amputation of a limb?
Q2) Outline a purported neural circuit for explicit memory.
Q3) What memory systems and brain regions are affected in Alzheimer disease?
Q4) How do fluctuating estrogen levels affect cognition?
Q5) How does an enriched environment alter the brain?
Q6) What is Korsakoff syndrome? What is its primary cause?
Q7) What are neurotrophic factors? What role do they play in the recovery from brain injury?
Q8) What role do NMDA and AMPA receptors play in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Q9) What are long-term potentiation (LTP)and long-term depression (LTD)? What procedures can be used to induce LTP or LTD?
Q10) Differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processing.How are these two types of processing related to explicit and implicit memory?
Q11) Which brain circuits are critical for forming emotional memories?
Q12) Richard's left arm was amputated 3 years ago after a workplace injury.Even though the limb is gone,Richard sometimes feels like he still has a left arm.In addition,when Richard shaves the left side of his face,it feels as though someone is touching his missing left arm.What mechanisms explain this strange phenomenon?
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part A
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Q1) Throwing a rock or a spear is a(n):
A) guided movement.
B) ballistic movement.
C) feedback movement.
D) oscillatory movement.
Q2) How we combine multiple sources of input (e.g. ,visual,auditory,motor)into a unified conscious experience is known as the:
A) temporal problem.
B) sensory problem.
C) binding problem.
D) association problem.
Q3) Compared with right-handers,left-handers have:
A) a smaller brain.
B) a larger brain.
C) a smaller corpus callosum.
D) a larger corpus callosum.
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part B
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Q1) What have studies in split-brain patients taught us about language?
Q2) If a split-brain patient was presented with the word spoon in the left visual field and the word fork in the right visual field,how would the patient describe what he saw? How could the researcher demonstrate what the right hemisphere knows about the words that were presented?
Q3) What is a psychological construct? Why is it difficult to study psychological constructs in the brain?
Q4) What is important about syntax in regard to thought processes? What happens if a person never learns to develop syntax?
Q5) What is functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)? What does it allow researchers to study?
Q6) What is neuroeconomics? What has neuroeconomics taught us about decision making?
Q7) What is theory of mind? What brain structures are thought to support theory of mind?
Q8) Describe the symptoms you would observe in a patient with a lesion to the parietal association cortex in the left and right hemispheres.
Q9) List the tasks that are better performed by females than males.
Q10) What are cell assemblies? Why did Hebb think that they were so important?
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Chapter 16:What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?
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Q1) What is electroconvulsive therapy? Why is it used? How does it affect the brain?
Q2) What two kinds of behavioral effects result from traumatic brain injuries?
Q3) What is the MOST common form of brain damage in people under 40?
Q4) What processes following an ischemic stroke result in further brain damage?
Q5) What are prions? What neurological diseases may be caused by prions?
Q6) What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)? What neural changes accompany it?
Q7) List the six diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia.
Q8) List and describe four major types of behavioral therapies for behavioral disorders outlined in your text.
Q9) Describe and explain at least four of the major challenges faced by researchers who want to study the disordered brain.
Q10) What neurotransmitter systems are affected in schizophrenia?
Q11) What are neuroprotectants? Why are they used?
Q12) What is tardive dyskinesia? Why is it sometimes observed in psychiatric patients?
Q13) What neural changes do Parkinson and Alzheimer disease have in common?
Q14) What neurotransmitter system(s)are involved in anxiety? What types of drugs are Page 45
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