Cognitive Neuroscience Review Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary course that explores the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior. Through the integration of psychology, neuroscience, and computational modeling, students examine how brain structures and systems support functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. The course covers techniques used to study the brain, such as functional MRI and electrophysiology, and discusses the implications of cognitive neuroscience research for understanding disorders and enhancing learning. By bridging biological and cognitive perspectives, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how mind and brain interact to produce complex mental processes.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 13th Edition by
James W. Kalat
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14 Chapters
1750 Verified Questions
1750 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.
A) Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
B) Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
C) Microglia; oligodendrocytes
D) Radial glia; Schwann cells
Answer: A
Q2) Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through ____.
A) diffusion
B) ribosomes
C) mitochondria
D) protein channels
Answer: D
Q3) When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the potassium channels ____.
A) permit potassium ions to pass quickly and easily
B) permit potassium ions to pass slowly
C) prohibit any movement of potassium ions
D) help to open up the sodium channels
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Synapses
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125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____.
A) anterior pituitary; bloodstream
B) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
D) posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
Answer: B
Q2) Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action potentials, known as the ____.
A) spontaneous firing rate
B) excitatory firing rate
C) all-or-none law
D) law of compensation
Answer: A
Q3) In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s) and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s).
A) one; many
B) dozens of; only one
C) several; only one
D) several; many
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ____ side.
A) contralateral; ipsilateral
B) ipsilateral; contralateral
C) ipsilateral; ipsilateral
D) contralateral; contralateral
Answer: D
Q2) The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.
A) sensory nuclei
B) sensory clusters
C) ventral root ganglia
D) dorsal root ganglia
Answer: D
Q3) Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development, and Plasticity
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the relationship between heredity and environment.
Q2) A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. Which action most likely accounts for this?
A) Synaptic reorganization
B) Growth of completely new axons
C) Altered pattern of blood vessels in the brain
D) A psychotic reaction
Q3) An autosomal gene is a gene ____.
A) on the X chromosome
B) on the Y chromosome
C) on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome
D) that shows no evidence of crossing over
Q4) Recent evidence suggests that phantom limb pain is caused by sensations coming from the stump of the amputated limb.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe Lamarckian evolution and the evidence for or against it.
Q6) How is brain development related to adolescent impulsivity?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Vision
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.
A) the letter T
B) a circle
C) repeating stripes on a flag
D) a single bar of light
Q2) Wanetta has had damage to the ventral stream of her visual system. She now has trouble with _____.
A) the ability to describe the shape or size of an object
B) walking toward something seen
C) reaching to grasp an object
D) perceiving whether the lights are on or off
Q3) Professor Hancock is giving a lecture about peripheral vision. Which is the most likely to say?
A) It is very sensitive to detail.
B) It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
C) It is not very sensitive to light.
D) It is most sensitive to color, which helps to differentiate multiple objects clearly.
Q4) Describe the functional and anatomic differences between rods and cones.
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Chapter 6: Other Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As a result of a horrible ear infection, Charley ruptured his _____ (also known as his eardrum).
A) tympanic membrane
B) pinna
C) oval window
D) round window
Q3) How do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials?
A) The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve.
B) The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters.
C) Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.
D) The scala vestibuli has receptors that create action potentials.
Q4) Vella has amusia and, therefore, cannot hear.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the basic mechanisms of taste receptors.
Q6) Explain the difference between middle-ear and inner-ear deafness.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
A) Basal ganglia to cerebellum
B) Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
C) Cerebellum to spinal cord
D) Cerebral cortex to spinal cord
Q2) The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Scot has Parkinson's disease. His doctors have given him L-dopa as a treatment because it will ____.
A) stimulate stem cells to release growth factors
B) stimulate glial cells to produce more myelin
C) result in an increase in dopamine
D) result in a decrease in GABA
Q4) A motor program is a ____.
A) mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback
B) mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements
C) plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk
D) movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are some reasons why humans need sleep? In addition, Collette is sleep deprived. What are some symptoms she might experience?
Q2) Which statement is true with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?
A) It is unreliable in most species, and dependably close to 24 hours only in primates.
B) It is longer if the organism is normally active in the dark.
C) It rarely varies from one individual to another, if at all.
D) It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.
Q3) During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.
A) wakefulness
B) REM sleep
C) NREM sleep
D) transitions from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness
Q4) Jaleesa has been diagnosed with insomnia because she has sleep attacks while she is awake.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Internal Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alysia is lactose intolerant. She has a hard time with _____ although she can have small amounts of ____ because it is easier to digest.
A) milk; cheese
B) yogurt; cheese
C) protein; milk
D) milk; protein
Q2) Shirleen is eating protein. Describe the path that her food would take through her digestive system and where it is likely to be absorbed.
Q3) Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?
A) 10 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent
Q4) Tammi has a pet lizard. How does her lizard maintain a proper body temperature?
A) By basal metabolism
B) By shivering and sweating
C) By changing the reflectivity of the skin
D) By choosing an appropriate area of the cage (e.g., heat rock)
Q5) Describe the major brain mechanisms of eating and hunger.
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Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe activating effects of sex hormones and give specific examples.
Q2) There are regions of the brain that are larger in males than females and vice versa. It is known that these regions ____.
A) are what determines sex differences
B) are what determines sexual preferences
C) are not really involved with reproductive behavior
D) determine a person's preference for sexual partners
Q3) What would cause a genetic female to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
A) Excessive levels of alpha-fetoprotein in her blood
B) Exposure of her mother to stressful experiences late in pregnancy
C) Exposure to less than the usual amount of estrogen during an early sensitive period
D) Exposure to more than the usual amount of testosterone during an early sensitive period
Q4) In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place
A) later in life and produce more long-lasting effects
B) later in life and produce more temporary effects
C) earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
D) earlier in life and produce more temporary effects
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Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
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125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Information from cytokines is relayed to the brain, specifically to the ____.
A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) pineal gland
D) locus coeruleus
Q2) Stephan is experiencing a lot of stress. His adrenal gland is likely releasing _____.
A) cortisol
B) ACTH
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
Q3) Claudia is taking a drug to reduce anxiety. Her drug works by ____.
A) decreasing GABA
B) increasing GABA
C) blocking dopamine
D) increasing amygdala activation
Q4) People with damage to either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala show difficulties processing emotional information.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____.
A) priming
B) explicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) declarative memory
Q2) In instrumental conditioning, an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it in a rapid series can be described as the ____.
A) long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli
B) long-term inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli
C) potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds
D) inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds
Q4) Professor Olaughlin tells his class that with regard to intelligence, ______.
A) there is one major contributing gene
B) there are many contributing genes
C) there are different genes depending on a person's sex
D) there are different genes depending on a person's age
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the apparent relationship between language abilities and other intellectual abilities?
A) Impairments in either results in impairments in the other.
B) It is possible to have good language and poor intelligence, but not the reverse.
C) It is possible to have good intelligence and poor language, but not the reverse.
D) Either can be impaired independently of the other.
Q2) The best description of oxytocin may be that it ____.
A) stimulates the brain's reward centers
B) increases attention to important social cues
C) acts much like endogenous opiates
D) really is the "love hormone"
Q3) Several months after split-brain surgery, the number of incidents of conflicts between the two hemispheres diminishes because ____.
A) portions of the corpus callosum grow back
B) the right hemisphere begins to control all body muscles
C) the hemispheres learn ways of cooperating with each other
D) the cerebellum assumes the former functions of the corpus callosum
Q4) Provide a detailed description of spatial neglect.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the four major categories of antidepressant drugs
Q2) Azzie has been diagnosed with SAD. Her doctor suggested that she try a treatment that involves exposure to blue light.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Many fad treatments for autism spectrum disorders make the parents feel good that they are trying something, but otherwise, they are a waste of time and money.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Autism spectrum disorder encompasses both autism and what used to be called Asperger's syndrome.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Thelma has bipolar disorder. Since she didn't respond to lithium salts, her doctors prescribed her _____.
A) carbamazepine
B) MAOIs
C) methadone
D) LAAM
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