Cognitive Neuroscience Practice
Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition, including processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. Integrating theories and methods from psychology, neuroscience, and biology, this course examines how brain structures and systems support mental functions, utilizing techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and lesion studies. Students will gain an understanding of how cognitive functions are localized and integrated within the brain, as well as how disorders and injuries can illuminate normal brain processes. The course prepares students to critically evaluate contemporary research and apply neuroscientific principles to real-world cognitive challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Chapter 1: The Major Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Having camouflage that matches an animal's typical surroundings in order to provide protection from predators is an example of a(n) ____ explanation.
A) evolutionary
B) functional
C) ontogenetic
D) physiological
Answer: B
Q2) Males are more likely than females to exhibit color vision deficiency because of a gene that is:
A) sex-limited.
B) recessive and sex-linked.
C) crossing over.
D) dominant and sex-linked.
Answer: B
Q3) Describe the relationship between heredity and environment.
Answer: NOT ANSWER.
Q4) In what circumstance is a woman color deficient?
Answer: If the woman has that recessive gene on both of her X chromosomes
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concentration gradient refers to:
A) the fact that the concentration of ions is greater on the inside of a neuron.
B) the fact that the concentration of ions is greater on the outside of a neuron.
C) the difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane.
D) the negatively charged proteins inside the cell.
Answer: C
Q2) Which group is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?
A) alcoholics
B) heroin addicts
C) diabetics
D) infants
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an axon?
A) It can be up to a meter long.
B) It has a constant diameter.
C) It carries information toward the cell body.
D) It may be covered with a myelin sheath.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The "spontaneous firing rate" of a neuron refers to:
A) its resting potential.
B) its rate of energy consumption.
C) its rate of producing action potentials even when it is not stimulated.
D) the velocity of its action potentials under normal conditions.
Answer: C
Q3) "Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters:
A) back into the presynaptic neuron.
B) across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron.
C) across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron.
D) to the appropriate receptor sites.
Answer: A
Q4) Inhibitory synapses actively suppress excitatory responses.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Anatomy of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although the pituitary is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:
A) basal ganglia.
B) hippocampus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) thalamus.
Q2) Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary target for which kind of sensory information?
A) somatosensory, including touch
B) the simplest aspects of vision
C) gustatory
D) auditory
Q4) As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
A) Midbrain
B) Forebrain
C) Medulla
D) Cerebellum
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Chapter 5: Development and Plasticity of the Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Proliferation is the production of new cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At later stages of the neuron's development, neurotrophins:
A) increase the branching of axons.
B) cause the neuron's death.
C) become converted into myelin.
D) connect the axon to axons of adjoining cells.
Q3) Because spinal injury damages many axons, ____ develop increased sensitivity to the remaining ones.
A) glia
B) collateral sprouts
C) postsynaptic neurons
D) phantom limbs
Q4) After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begin to form.
A) dendrites
B) axons
C) nuclei
D) ganglions
Q5) Describe the five main stages of growth and development of neurons.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:
A) better peripheral vision.
B) larger blind spots.
C) a greater rod to cone ratio.
D) a greater cone to rod ratio.
Q2) Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of:
A) color vision.
B) shape perception.
C) color constancy.
D) motion perception.
Q3) Describe the key functions of the major pathways in the visual cortex.
Q4) Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the:
A) retina.
B) primary visual cortex.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.
Q5) Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Other Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with conductive deafness:
A) often have an abnormal cochlea.
B) often have an abnormal auditory nerve.
C) often suffer damage to the hair cells.
D) can benefit from surgery or hearing aids.
Q2) Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____.
A) frequency; intensity
B) amplitude; frequency
C) pitch; tone
D) amplitude; intensity
Q3) What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold?
A) cranial
B) semicircular
C) vestibular
D) somatosensory
Q4) Most theorists believe that the first sensory system was:
A) vision.
B) vestibular.
C) pain.
D) chemical.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) L-dopa is most effective:
A) in the early to intermediate stages of Parkinson's disease.
B) in the late stages of Parkinson's disease.
C) for females.
D) for either the very young or the very old.
Q2) Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum?
A) parallel fibers
B) Purkinje cells
C) putamen cells
D) saccade cells
Q3) What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
A) Rapid fatigue of the muscles
B) Loss of saccadic eye movements
C) Difficulty initiating movements
D) Inability to coordinate speech with movements
Q4) How do fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers differ?
Q5) A fish swimming in cold water can swim rapidly, but fatigues much faster.
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 9: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention?
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) reticular formation
C) locus coeruleus
D) raphe nuclei
Q2) Research suggests that REM is:
A) important for all types of memory.
B) most important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
C) most important for strengthening memories of lists of words.
D) not important for strengthening memories of any kind.
Q3) In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
A) norepinephrine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) dopamine.
D) serotonin.
Q4) List some examples of "zeitgebers".
Q5) Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Internal Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If someone with extreme obesity fails to respond to other treatments an option is ____ in which part of the stomach is removed or sewed off so that food cannot enter.
A) fen-phen
B) sibutramine
C) gastric bypass surgery
D) orlistat
Q3) Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics?
A) lower-than-normal levels of peptide YY
B) lower-than-normal levels of CCK
C) higher-than-normal levels of serotonin
D) increased receptor sensitivity for serotonin
Q4) How do reptiles control their body temperature, if at all?
A) They dilate or constrict blood vessels.
B) They move to different locations in their environment.
C) They shiver and sweat.
D) There is nothing they can do.
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Chapter 11: Reproductive Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Estrogen production by the ovary causes the male Wolffian system to degenerate in females.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In rodents, testosterone is converted to ____ in the hypothalamus.
A) cortisol
B) androgen
C) progesterone
D) estradiol
Q3) Because of the effects of hormones during early development, the female hypothalamus, UNLIKE the male hypothalamus, is capable of:
A) producing and releasing both leptin and insulin.
B) controlling cycles of release of hormones by the gonads.
C) suppressing the release of stress hormones by the adrenal glands.
D) increasing the release of melatonin by the pineal gland.
Q4) What develops from the Wolffian ducts?
A) the bladder and urethra
B) peripheral nerves controlling the genitals
C) female reproductive structures
D) male reproductive structures
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Emotional Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selye inferred that any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, which he called the:
A) general stress syndrome.
B) general adaptation syndrome.
C) general activation syndrome.
D) general limbic syndrome.
Q2) Hans Selye's defined stress in terms of:
A) the duration of troubling events.
B) an increase in worry.
C) the nonspecific response of the body to any demand.
D) the amount of homework to be done.
Q3) If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?
A) Withdraw from the second intruder.
B) Play with the second intruder.
C) Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously.
D) Attack the second intruder but less vigorously than the first.
Q4) Briefly describe how benzodiazepines work in the brain.
Q5) Briefly describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
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Chapter 13: The Biology of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of which type of receptor?
A) Nicotinic
B) Muscarinic
C) NMDA
D) GABA
Q3) Blocking NMDA synapses has what effect, if any, on LTP?
A) There is no effect on LTP.
B) It enhances the establishment of LTP.
C) It prevents the establishment of LTP.
D) In prevents the maintenance of previously established LTP.
Q4) Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____.
A) jogging; walking
B) reading; writing
C) carrying on a conversation; listening to the radio
D) juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling
Q5) What is habituation as it relates to memory research?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe some of the evidence that language did not develop as an accidental by-product of intelligence.
Q2) Lateralization refers to the:
A) formation of the sulci and gyri in the cortex.
B) functional asymmetries of the brain.
C) slow rate of maturation in forebrain structures.
D) physical changes that occur in neurons as learning takes place.
Q3) Damage to the corpus callosum (or to one hemisphere) results in clear evidence of : A) hemispherectomy.
B) lateralization.
C) polarization.
D) symmetry.
Q4) Prepositions, conjunctions, helping verbs, and so forth are known as the ____ of grammatical forms.
A) fluent class
B) fixed class
C) open class
D) closed class
Q5) Describe the hemispheric specializations in the intact brain.
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Chapter 15: Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia
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Sample Questions
Q1) Someone with deterioration of everyday functioning and hallucinations or delusions or thought disorders would likely be classified as having which disorder?
A) schizophrenia
B) bipolar disorder
C) attention deficit disorder
D) Klinefelter's syndrome
Q2) Discuss the research dealing with the genetics of schizophrenia.
Q3) According to the dopamine hypothesis, what causes schizophrenia?
A) excessive activity at dopamine synapses
B) deficient activity at dopamine synapses
C) an unusual point of origin for dopamine fibers in the brain
D) an unusual course and destination of dopamine fibers in the brain
Q4) A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is:
A) tardive dyskinesia.
B) attention deficit disorder.
C) saccadic eye movements.
D) seasonal affective disorder.
Q5) Define major depression.
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