Cognitive Neuroscience
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. Integrating approaches from psychology, neuroscience, biology, and computational modeling, the course examines how brain structure and function give rise to cognitive abilities. Students will learn about key research methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electrophysiology, and lesion studies and discuss landmark findings that have shaped current understanding of the mind-brain relationship. The course prepares students to critically analyze emerging research and apply neuroscientific principles to practical questions in behavior and mental health.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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14 Chapters
990 Verified Questions
990 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him?
A)You are a domineering person.
B)Your father was a very domineering person.
C)Your brother is a domineering person.
D)Your mother was a very domineering person.
Answer: A
Q2) Computerized axial tomography is to MRI as ________ is to ________.
A)X-ray; radio frequencies
B)structure; function
C)blood oxygenation; X-ray
D)radiation; dipoles
Answer: A
Q3) ____________ is the idea that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences, while ____________ holds that truth is intellectual.
A)Empiricism; rationalism
B)Empiricism; logic
C)Rationalism; empiricism
D)Rationalism; logic
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term cytoarchitectonics refers to
A)how cells in one brain region appear morphologically and how they are arranged with respect to each other.
B)how assemblies of neurons function together and how they communicate with neighboring ganglia.
C)how different brain regions differ in volume and how they interact to produce complex cognitive phenomena.
D)how the brains of different animals differ from each other in gross anatomy and the evolutionary bases of these differences.
Answer: A
Q2) Of the following choices, the most anterior portion of the frontal lobes-the prefrontal cortex-is most critical to
A)processing information about pain, touch, and temperature.
B)executive functions.
C)the "what" visual pathway.
D)the "where" visual pathway.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) What can you infer about the responsiveness of two neurons in the visual cortex that lie next to each other in V1?
A)Both cells share a common receptive field.
B)The cells are sensitive to precisely the same stimulus characteristics.
C)The receptive fields of these cells are also next to each other.
D)Both cells have identical baseline activity rates.
Answer: C
Q2) A knockout mouse
A)has damage to a particular neural structure due to a physical lesion.
B)has a transient functional lesion because of administration of neurotransmitter antagonists.
C)is part of a special genetic strain that lacks or no longer expresses certain genes.
D)is bred to perform poorly on maze-solving tasks.
Answer: C
Q3) The best neuroimaging method for visualizing the white and gray matter is computerized tomography (CT).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) There appear to be two mental lexicons, one in each hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The main mass of fibers that carries signals from the cortex in one cerebral hemisphere to the other is called the
A)anterior commissure.
B)corpus callosum.
C)arcuate fasciculus.
D)planum temporale.
Q3) Drawings of hierarchical figures by people with left-hemisphere lesions are likely to focus on local elements while missing global structure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Theory of mind is to the interpreter as the _______________ is to the _______________.
A)subconscious; conscious
B)conscious; subconscious
C)right hemisphere; left hemisphere
D)left hemisphere; right hemisphere
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The primary visual pathway is best described as
A)retina optic nerve hypothalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe.
B)retina cochlea optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe.
C)retina optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe.
D)retina hippocampus thalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe.
Q2) Describe two experiments that would allow you to determine if an individual has achromatopsia or has akinetopsia. If the symptoms appeared after a head injury, which brain regions are likely damaged in each case?
Q3) Vision is to audition as the ____________ is to the ____________.
A)medial geniculate nucleus; lateral geniculate nucleus
B)lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus
C)medial geniculate nucleus; cochlear nucleus
D)cochlear nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus
Q4) Which term is used to describe an idiosyncratic union between or within sensory modalities, such as experiencing the color red whenever seeing the letter A?
A)achromatopsia
B)akinetopsia
C)synesthesia
D)agnosia
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is object constancy a difficult computational problem for the visual system? Describe some potential changes that can occur when we view the same object under different circumstances.
Q2) The "what" versus "where" distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the ________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place.
A)anterior occipital
B)inferior temporal
C)posterior parietal
D)superior temporal
Q3) Which of the following is a brain region that would likely be implicated in processing spatial relations in an outdoor scene?
A)the fusiform place area (FPA)
B)the parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C)the fusiform face area (FFA)
D)the parahippocampal face area (PFA)
Q4) How can researchers use our knowledge of the visual system to maximize the decoding of brain activity? What factors currently limit decoding performance?
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Chapter 7: Attention
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Q1) The involuntary failure to attend to sensory stimuli presented on the side of space opposite to the site of brain injury (in the absence of sensory problems) is called ________ syndrome.
A)agnosia
B)neglect
C)blindsight
D)hemianopia
Q2) One finding demonstrated by the Posner spatial cuing task (1980) is that A)the focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation.
B)compared to neutral cues, valid cues result in slower reaction time to targets. C)compared to invalid cues, neutral cues result in slower reaction time to targets. D)attention cannot be directed spatially without a corresponding eye movement.
Q3) Describe the experimental design of a Posner cuing experiment. In your answer, provide definitions for the terms exogenous cuing, endogenous cuing, valid trial, invalid trial, and inhibition of return.
Q4) What is the neurological syndrome known as neglect? Describe the typical symptoms and associated brain regions. How does complete neglect differ from extinction?
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Chapter 8: Action
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Q1) Chapin's early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _______ of the rats' movement.
A)direction
B)force
C)velocity
D)complexity
Q2) The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One proposed role of dopamine in the context of motor learning via the basal ganglia is that dopamine release
A)from the basal ganglia to motor cortex stimulates motor learning.
B)from the substantia nigra prevents Parkinson's disease by facilitating motor learning.
C)in the basal ganglia results in a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory influences that reinforces particular motor actions.
D)in the basal ganglia produces multiple motor responses simultaneously.
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Q1) Describe the BIC model. Describe an experiment that supports the model.
Q2) Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that A)one can access consciously.
B)one cannot access consciously.
C)is a form of sensory memory.
D)is a form of short-term memory.
Q3) Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory.
A)parietal-occipital cortex
B)medial temporal lobe
C)hippocampus
D)perisylvian region
Q4) What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Give examples of the kinds of memories that would (and would not) be impaired with each condition.
Q5) Your textbook describes several different proposed distinctions in memory, including short-term and long-term, declarative and nondeclarative, and episodic and semantic. How do these different terms interrelate? What evidence supports these distinctions?
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "high road." This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.
A)"slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
B)"slow and analytical"; project to the cortex
C)"quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
D)"quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex
Q2) Which of the following, in itself, would be expected to have the LEAST effect on individual differences in emotional processing of a particular stimulus?
A)Differences in the physiological changes induced by the stimulus.
B)Differences in the cognitive appraisal of the stimulus.
C)Differences in the neural structures that process emotional stimuli.
D)Differences in the gender of individuals processing the stimulus.
Q3) How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal, rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.
Q4) Are there hemispheric differences in emotional regulation? Describe evidence to support your answer.
Q5) Describe the role of the insula in emotion.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) Which of the following best describes the three main components of word or lexical processing in the correct order, according to most modular models of word recognition?
A)lexical access lexical integration lexical selection
B)lexical access lexical selection lexical integration
C)lexical selection lexical access lexical integration
D)lexical selection lexical integration lexical access
Q2) Modular models of language comprehension argue for a high degree of interactivity between different specialized modules.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When you are shown the written word "neuroscience" and you read it aloud, you are translating ________ information into ________ information about this word.
A)syntactic; semantic
B)semantic; orthographic
C)orthographic; phonological
D)phonological; syntactic
Q4) Describe Levelt's model of language production. What evidence has been used to support this model?
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are driving around town. Which of the following stops will require the most working memory?
A)stopping at a frequently visited supermarket
B)stopping at home
C)stopping at a friend's home
D)stopping at a business you have never visited before
Q2) Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the
A)prefrontal cortex to a larger degree than any other cortical area.
B)anterior cingulate to a larger degree than any other cortical area.
C)prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
D)anterior cingulate and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
Q3) Provide an example of a delayed-response task. How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?
Q4) The error-related negativity (ERN) has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are ________ to maintain a sense of self because our judgments about self-characteristics are ________ recall of specific past behaviors.
A)able; dependent on B)able; not linked to C)not able; dependent on D)not able; not linked to
Q2) Joint attention is an important aspect of social interaction. How do children with autism differ in joint attention from children who do not have autism?
Q3) Autistic children are likely to report that ________ when performing the Sally-Anne task.
A)Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble
B)Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble
C)Sally will move the marble back to its original location
D)Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble
Q4) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered than that which is processed in relation to others.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Q1) Which of the following of Damasio's categories is most associated with the brainstem?
A)core consciousness
B)core awareness
C)extended consciousness
D)extended awareness
Q2) Discuss what the characteristics of split-brain patients can tell us about conscious experience.
Q3) A research participant fails the MSR test. Which of the following questions should be asked before concluding that this person lacks self-awareness?
A)Have you ever been imitated?
B)Do you understand the concept of self-awareness?
C)Are you under the age of sixteen?
D)Do you have prosopagnosia?
Q4) How can mental states go on to affect brain processing? Include at least one experimental result in your answer.
Q5) Discuss, in the context of consciousness, Darwin's statement, "The difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, is certainly one of degree and not of kind."
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