Cognitive Neuroscience
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition, integrating concepts from psychology, neuroscience, and biology. This course examines how brain structure and function give rise to mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, decision-making, and consciousness. Students will learn about the methodologies used to study the brain, including neuroimaging and electrophysiology, as well as key research findings that illuminate the relationship between brain activity and cognitive functions. The course also discusses the impact of brain injuries and neurological disorders on cognition, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the biological foundations of thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 13th Edition by James W. Kalat
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14 Chapters
1750 Verified Questions
1750 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Ruggs is giving a lecture about the all-or-none-law. What would she tell the class?
A) That all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none produce one.
B) That all neurons are active at the same time or none at all.
C) That all ion channels open at the same time or none at all.
D) That after reaching threshold, the amplitude and velocity of the action potential is the same each time.
Answer: D
Q2) What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity of axons?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Radial glia
D) Schwann cells
Answer: B
Q3) The role of glial cells is to act like "glue" or scaffolding to support the neurons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "spontaneous firing rate" of a neuron refers to ____.
A) its resting potential
B) its rate of energy consumption
C) its rate of producing action potentials even when it is not stimulated
D) the velocity of its action potentials under normal conditions
Answer: C
Q2) Professor Leclair is giving a lecture on autoreceptors. She tells the class that _____.
A) the activity of autoreceptors results in GABA being released into the synapse
B) autoreceptors increase the amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal
C) activated autoreceptors decrease neurotransmitter release
D) the activity of autoreceptors results in glutamate being released into the synapse
Answer: C
Q3) Which process indicates spatial summation?
A) Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time.
B) Start action potentials at both ends of one axon at the same time.
C) Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax before stimulating it again.
D) Present a rapid sequence of weak stimuli.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) While it is known for a role in balance and coordination, the _____ is also very important for certain types of learning and conditioning.
A) cerebellum
B) pons
C) basal ganglia
D) substantia nigra
Answer: A
Q2) One function of the thalamus is to ____.
A) relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
B) regulate sleep cycles
C) direct the secretions of the hypothalamus
D) moderate emotional outbursts
Answer: A
Q3) The spinal cord communicates with ____.
A) sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
B) all sense organs and muscles in the human body
C) the dorsal root ganglia only
D) the ventral root ganglia only
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development, and Plasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become ____.
A) hyperactive
B) extinct
C) dormant
D) very complex
Q2) The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the ____.
A) forebrain
B) midbrain
C) spinal cord
D) ventricular system
Q3) After cells have differentiated as neurons or glia, they ____.
A) differentiate
B) proliferate
C) myelinate
D) migrate
Q4) In response to nervous system injury, neurotrophins ____.
A) cause the neuron's death
B) reduce inflammation due to this injury
C) increase regrowth of damaged axons
D) promote apoptosis
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Chapter 5: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____.
A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) striate cortex
C) area V2
D) parvocellular area
Q2) In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
A) thalamus; cortex
B) thalamus; inferior geniculate
C) inferior colliculus; thalamus
D) thalamus; lateral colliculus
Q3) Light has entered Joelle's eyes. After being detected by the photoreceptors, the information will be passed on to _____ cells.
A) retina cells
B) bipolar cells
C) ganglion cells
D) spiny cells
Q4) A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Other Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) We can identify a wide variety of bitter substances because ____.
A) we have many different bitter receptors
B) we have only one bitter receptor that responds to all bitter substances
C) we can combine the activity of the sour and salty receptors
D) even Pacinian corpuscles respond to bitter substances
Q2) Discuss one theory of why a person might experience synesthesia.
Q3) Rosalinda has had damage to A1, and now she has _____.
A) complete deafness
B) amusia
C) an inability to hear high pitched sounds
D) problems detecting the source of a sound that is moving
Q4) Large-diameter pain axons ____.
A) carry sharp pain information
B) carry dull pain information
C) readily respond to endorphins
D) are associated with small cell bodies
Q5) Given what is known about taste and smell, why does food taste different when a person has congested sinuses?
Q6) Explain the difference between middle-ear and inner-ear deafness.
Q7) Describe the basic mechanisms of taste receptors.
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Chapter 7: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?
A) A flexor muscle in the right arm
B) An extensor muscle in the left arm
C) An extensor muscle in the right arm
D) Another flexor muscle in the right arm
Q2) In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.
A) cannot locate the source of sounds
B) lose their ability to see everything
C) can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it
D) cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
Q3) Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to
A) contraction; inhibition of contraction
B) inhibition of contraction; contraction
C) inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
D) contraction; contraction
Q4) Stacia has damage to her lateral corticospinal tract. What sorts of movements would she have trouble doing?
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Chapter 8: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Gala is studying for a quiz on circadian rhythms. She writes in her notes that the two proteins that influence circadian rhythms by building up during the day and declining during sleep are ______.
A) SCN and REM
B) TIM and SCN
C) PER and REM
D) PER and TIM
Q3) With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.
A) breathing and heart rates increase
B) brain activity increases
C) slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
D) brain waves become smaller
Q4) Keith is being moved to an overnight shift at work. What can he do to try to maintain a healthy sleep cycle?
Q5) Describe how light resets the SCN.
Q6) Briefly describe the role of the locus coeruleus in arousal and attention.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Internal Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
A) decreased activity and eating
B) increased activity and eating
C) decreased activity and increased eating
D) increased activity and decreased eating
Q2) A new set of experiments have shown that people who are overweight have different ______ than people who are not.
A) types of microorganisms
B) levels of glucagon
C) levels of ADH
D) digestive enzymes
Q3) Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.
A) convert glucose to glycogen
B) store glucose
C) convert glycogen to glucose
D) decrease blood glucose levels
Q4) Describe the different causes and mechanisms of osmotic thirst.
Q5) Describe how bulimia nervosa resembles drug addiction.
Q6) How does cholecystokinin limit meal size?
Q7) Describe the major brain mechanisms of eating and hunger.
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Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.
A) increase sexual activity
B) decrease sexual activity
C) cause permanent organizational defects
D) shrink the SDN
Q2) Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.
A) drop in testosterone levels
B) surge of prolactin and oxytocin
C) decrease of prolactin and increase of oxytocin
D) increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin
Q3) Betsy has CAH. Compared to other girls without CAH, Betsy is more likely to participate in activities that are viewed as "masculine."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the current recommendations for rearing an intersex child.
Q5) Explain the difference between gender differences and sex differences.
Q6) Describe activating effects of sex hormones and give specific examples.
12
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Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sympathetic nervous system is to ____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ____.
A) fight; flight
B) emergencies; relaxation
C) assertiveness; aggressiveness
D) striated muscles; smooth muscles
Q2) A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOA to the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great, depending on what?
A) Whether the person lived in a large or small town
B) Whether the person lived alone or with others
C) Whether the person was maltreated during childhood
D) Whether the person's diet was high or low in fats and carbohydrates
Q3) The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to reinfect cats when the cats ____.
A) come into close contact with other infected cats
B) are bitten by scared rats
C) eat fearless infected rats
D) are bitten by mosquitos carrying the parasite
Q4) Bob has ventromedial prefrontal damage. How would he likely respond during the one-shot Dictator game and during the Trust game?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop
A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Huntington's disease
D) Alzheimer's disease
Q2) Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.
A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) proactive
D) procedural
Q3) If some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened. This is known as the property of ____.
A) specificity
B) cooperativity
C) associativity
D) NMDA
Q4) Describe how habituation is demonstrated in memory research on invertebrates?
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it ____.
A) with the left eye
B) with the right eye
C) in the left visual field
D) in the right visual field
Q2) When people perceive themselves as being threatened, oxytocin ____.
A) increases their attention to possible dangers
B) decreases their attention to possible dangers
C) calms them down
D) helps them better analyze the situation
Q3) Deaf children who do not learn any language by the time they enter school ____.
A) can still learn English, but not sign language
B) can still learn sign language, but not English
C) will never develop perfect skill at any language
D) can master any language at any time
Q4) The language of children with Williams syndrome is ____.
A) comparable to children with other forms of intellectual disability
B) a by-product of their intelligence
C) comparable to that of a normal adult's second language
D) impossible to understand
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____.
A) are far more cost-effective than the older drugs
B) do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs
C) are preferable because they have, at most, only mild side-effects
D) have a much higher risk of movement disorders
Q2) Similar to depressed patients, bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their ____.
A) work schedule
B) roommates
C) sleep schedule
D) exercise routine
Q3) A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from ____.
A) positive symptoms
B) negative symptoms
C) thought disorders
D) delusions
Q4) Describe the experiments performed by James Olds and Peter Milner. What were they trying to do? What did they discover?
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