Cognitive Neuroscience Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision-making. This course examines how brain structure and function give rise to cognitive abilities, integrating evidence from brain imaging, neuropsychology, and experimental research. Students will learn about the neural basis of consciousness, executive function, and emotion, gaining insight into how disruptions in these processes manifest in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The course emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of the field, bridging psychology, neuroscience, and computational modeling to foster a comprehensive understanding of the mind-brain relationship.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 2nd Edition by
Mark A. Gluck
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12 Chapters
1304 Verified Questions
1304 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Psychology of Learning and Memory
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you are trying to learn a list of words.It takes you eight minutes to learn the list the first time you try.You return the next day and study the list again,and find that it takes you only two minutes.How much of a time savings has occurred?
A)25%
B)75%
C)100%
D)125%
Answer: B
Q2) In a double-blind experimental design:
A)the participant knows the hypothesis being tested.
B)the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested.
C)both the participant and the experimenter know the hypothesis being tested.
D)neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested. Answer: D
Q3) If you have to study for an exam,what are three things you can do that will help improve your memory for the material?
Answer: Grading criteria: Answer should discuss three of the "Top Ten Tips for a Better Memory."
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Chapter 2: The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following has been shown to clearly improve memory in healthy individuals?
A)drugs that increase levels of acetylcholine in Alzheimer's patients
B)drugs that improve attention
C)drugs that treat sleep disorders
D)None of the answers is correct.
Answer: D
Q2) Which brain structure is involved in helping you learn the coordinated movements necessary for learning to ride a bike?
A)temporal lobe
B)brainstem
C)thalamus
D)cerebellum
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following would occur if the sensory fibers in your arm were cut?
A)You would still automatically jerk your hand away from a hot stove.
B)You would have a limited range of motion in your arm.
C)You would not be able to move your arm at all.
D)You would not be able to feel a sharp poke on your arm.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:
Learning About Repeated Events
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the neural mechanisms involved in sensitization in aplysia.
Answer: Grading criteria: Include neural connections and changes in transmitters.
Q2) Why is the aplysia a convenient species to use in the study of non-associative learning?
Answer: Grading criteria: The nervous system is relatively simple;some neurons are large and easy to work with;the pattern of neurons is the same across a given species;it does exhibit habituation and sensitization.
Q3) Suppose you have become bored with the meals you regularly eat.How might you make use of dishabituation to remedy this problem?
Answer: Grading criteria: Trying out a new meal should bring about dishabituation.
Q4) Describe a situation in which habituation could be dangerous.
Answer: Grading criteria: Examples from the text include animals habituating to the sound of gunshot and people ignoring alarms and warnings.
Q5) Describe the neural mechanisms involved in habituation in aplysia.
Answer: Grading criteria: Include neural connections and changes in transmitters.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine we classically condition a dog by pairing a tone with food.If the learning rate(\(\beta\))is 0.4,calculate the values of W<sub>TONE</sub>,the Expected US,the Actual US,the Prediction error,and \(\Delta\)W<sub>TONE</sub> for the first three trials.
Q2) The hippocampus:
A)must be intact for normal eyeblink conditioning to occur.
B)is especially active during the early phases of classical conditioning.
C)is important in mediating response timing.
D)computes the degree to which the US is unexpected.
Q3) In order to get Pavlov's dog to experience extinction,you would:
A)give the dog a little extra food on each trial.
B)play the tone more loudly on each trial.
C)present the food repeatedly without playing the tone.
D)play the tone repeatedly without any food.
Q4) In the Rescorla-Wagner model,if a novel CS is followed by an unexpected US,the prediction error:
A)is positive.
B)is negative.
C)is zero.
D)can be either positive or negative.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the law of effect,which of the following would lead to a weakening of the association between stimulus and response?
A)giving candy to a whining child
B)grounding a teenager for staying out too late
C)giving a child $1 for doing well on her spelling test
D)taking a painkiller to get rid of a headache
Q2) Jonah has listened to his new CD over and over since he bought it.His favorite song is th<sup>e </sup>fourth song on the album.Now,when he hears the third song,he becomes excited in anticipation of hearing his upcoming favorite song.Is this an example of classical or operant conditioning? Explain.
Q3) Research on addiction to romantic love has shown that:
A)romantic love is essentially just a drive to obtain sex.
B)this kind of addiction is very clearly a pathological addiction.
C)most people experience clinical depression after romantic rejection.
D)viewing pictures of a romantic partner can activate reward centers in the brain.
Q4) Discuss the evidence suggesting that dopamine is involved in reinforcement.
Q5) What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in operant conditioning? Discuss one piece of evidence to support your claim.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases produces:
A)the consequential region.
B)a combinatorial explosion.
C)the generalization gradient.
D)a topographic representation.
Q2) Larry is visiting his grandmother and cooking dinner for her.Since his grandmother has a different model of microwave oven than his,Larry has learned that he needs to push a different sequence of buttons on his grandmother's microwave oven when he wants to use it for cooking.This is an example of:
A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)negative patterning.
Q3) What is combinatorial explosion? Why is it a problem in categorization learning?
Q4) Describe how you could use discrimination training to teach a rat to distinguish between a red light and a green light.
Q5) Explain how stereotyping is related to the concept of generalization.
Q6) Give an example from everyday life that demonstrates acquired equivalence.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for
Facts and Events
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the depth of processing idea,which of the following would lead to the best memory for a word?
A)deciding whether the word contains the letter "e"
B)deciding how the word would sound when pronounced backwards
C)deciding whether the word rhymes with another word
D)deciding whether the word makes sense in a sentence
Q2) Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have:
A)episodic but not semantic memory.
B)semantic but not episodic memory.
C)semantic and episodic memory.
D)neither semantic nor episodic memory.
Q3) A disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information,such as difficulty recognizing an object by sight but not by touch,is known as:
A)retrograde amnesia.
B)functional amnesia.
C)anterograde amnesia..
D)agnosia.
Q4) How do free recall,cued recall,and recognition differ in terms of the number of memory cues available?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
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96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding skill decay?
A)It can occur because of interference from newer skills.
B)It happens more for perceptual-motor skills than for cognitive skills.
C)It occurs at a fairly steady rate.
D)There is less decay if multiple skills are practiced on the same day.
Q2) According to the power law of learning,performance during learning:
A)starts slowly,and then rapidly improves.
B)improves rapidly at first,and then slows down.
C)improves at a steady rate.
D)improves rapidly at first and then declines.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a cognitive skill?
A)running
B)tying your shoes
C)climbing a ladder
D)balancing a checkbook
Q4) People with apraxia have trouble:
A)making basic movements that make up a complex gesture.
B)accessing memories of actions.
C)understanding what movements the neuropsychologist is instructing them to do.
D)performing perceptual-motor skills,but not cognitive skills.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deficits in working memory in people with schizophrenia may be caused by ________ in the prefrontal cortex.
A)an increased amount of dopamine
B)a lack of sufficient dopamine
C)a lack of dopamine receptors
D)inactive dopamine receptors
Q2) When George Sperling (1960)used the partial report procedure,he found that participants could report _____ of the letters in the array.
A)all
B)none
C)about 30%
D)about 75%
Q3) One task of working memory is the manipulation of information.Give an example that demonstrates the manipulation of information in working memory.
Q4) Describe what limits your ability to hold information in your short-term memory.
Q5) Describe the contribution of the different aspects of working memory to the activities associated with throwing a party.For each component,describe which region in the prefrontal cortex is MOST critical.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bushman and Bonacci showed that participants remembered commercials the best if the commercials were shown during a(n):
A)program that the participants liked.
B)violent program.
C)emotionally-neutral program.
D)sexually-explicit program.
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding phobias?
A)People with phobias are particularly likely to have had a bad experience with the object or situation that they fear.
B)Humans are equally likely to develop a phobia to just about any stimulus.
C)A person can develop a phobia without directly experiencing the feared object or situation.
D)Drugs that enhance epinephrine can help people learn to overcome phobias.
Q3) The body changes that occur during arousal are mediated by the:
A)autonomic nervous system.
B)somatic system.
C)central nervous system.
D)respiratory system.
Q4) Provide an example of conditioned escape in everyday life.
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Chapter 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing,
Interacting, and Reenacting
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by observational conditioning.Explain how observational conditioning would give rise to this behavior.
Q2) What is the two-action test? How can it be used to demonstrate whether true imitation is occurring?
Q3) According to the ____ hypothesis,memories for perceived actions are stored in the cortical regions that map observed actions onto the motor representations of those actions.
A)template
B)visual
C)direct-matching
D)stimulus-matching
Q4) Describe how one can study the existence of mirror neurons in humans.
Q5) Neurons in _____ respond when a bird hears a song and when it produces the song.
A)the high vocal center (HVC)and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA)
B)area X
C)the basal ganglia
D)the frontal cortex
Page 13
Q6) What types of imitation impairments are seen in children with autism?
Q7) Why is it difficult to predict how observations will affect future behavior?
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Chapter 12: Development and Aging: Learning and Memory
Across the Lifespan
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ts65Dn mice,that are bred as a model of Down syndrome:
A)usually die at birth.
B)show relatively normal development of the hippocampus.
C)show relatively normal development of the cortex.
D)show improved spatial memory in females when housed in an enriched environment.
Q2) A fetus is sufficiently developed to start perceiving and learning about sounds by about ___ gestational age.
A)1 week
B)2 weeks
C)10 weeks
D)25 weeks
Q3) Which type of memory seems to be MOST vulnerable to decline as adults age?
A)working memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)skill memory
Q4) Describe the processes of neurogenesis,apoptosis,synaptogenesis,and pruning of synapses,and how they all impact learning.
Q5) In what ways is "probable Alzheimer's disease" diagnosed?
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