Cognitive Neuroscience
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, memory, language, attention, and decision-making. This interdisciplinary course integrates concepts from psychology, neuroscience, and computational modeling to investigate how brain activity gives rise to complex cognitive functions. Students will learn about modern brain-imaging methods, experimental designs, and recent findings in the field, fostering a deeper understanding of the biological basis of thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 2nd Edition by Mark
A. Gluck
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12 Chapters
1304 Verified Questions
1304 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Psychology of Learning and Memory
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In studying memory,Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was more familiar with some words than others.He avoided this problem by using:
A)real words that were familiar but very short.
B)real words that were unfamiliar to him.
C)three-letter nonsense words.
D)strings of digits.
Answer: C
Q2) Suppose a dog is classically conditioned to salivate in response to a metronome ticking at 90 beats per minute.We can then measure the amount of salivation produced when we present a metronome ticking at 80 beats per minute,and 100 beats per minute.In this example,what is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?
Answer: Grading criteria: IV = tick rate,DV = amount of salivation.
Q3) Who believed that children are born a "blank slate?"
A)Gottfried Leibniz
B)Plato
C)John Locke
D)René Descartes
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term potentiation is when:
A)neurons continue to respond long after a stimulus has been removed.
B)a recent strong stimulus causes a neuron to overrespond to a subsequent stimulus.
C)neurons respond in the absence of a stimulus.
D)a strong stimulus leads to a weaker-than-normal response in a neuron.
Answer: B
Q2) The central nervous system is made up of the:
A)nerves and muscles.
B)sensory organs.
C)sensory and motor neurons.
D)The brain and the spinal cord.
Answer: D
Q3) The primary motor cortex is located in the:
A)frontal lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)occipital lobe.
D)temporal lobe.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:
Learning About Repeated Events
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe an example of mere exposure learning from your everyday life.
Answer: Grading criteria: Example must make clear that the learning occurs without intent,and that it occurs after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Q2) If a loud noise is presented repeatedly to a rat,the rat's acoustic startle reflex will:
A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)decrease and then increase.
D)stay the same.
Answer: B
Q3) When visual input is absent from birth,we often find that other cortical areas take over the areas of the brain normally devoted to vision.This demonstrates: A)habituation.
B)perceptual learning.
C)learned non-use.
D)cortical plasticity.
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose a child in the hospital gets injections from the nurses,and the child eventually learns to cry as soon as a nurse walks into her room.What is the conditioned response?
A)crying when getting a shot
B)crying when the nurse comes in
C)the nurse
D)the shot
Q2) Which of the following is an example of appetitive conditioning?
A)flies being shocked in the presence of a particular odor
B)rats freezing in response to a tone that predicts a shock
C)Pavlov's conditioning of salivation in dogs
D)eyeblink conditioning
Q3) The change in the cue weight (W)is given by the:
A)learning rate.
B)prediction error.
C)sum of the learning rate and the prediction error.
D)product of the learning rate and the prediction error.
Q4) Explain how a child might develop a conditioned taste aversion to pizza.Be sure to identify the CS,US,CR,and UR.
Page 6
Q5) Describe the contribution of the hippocampus to CS modulation.
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Chapter 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral addictions:
A)seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.
B)do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms.
C)activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions.
D)do not usually produce cravings.
Q2) What is the role of the dorsal striatum in operant conditioning? Discuss one piece of evidence to support your claim.
Q3) Children may misbehave in order to get the attention that is associated with being punished.In this example,the attention serves as ______ for misbehavior.
A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)negative punishment
D)positive punishment
Q4) What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in operant conditioning? Discuss one piece of evidence to support your claim.
Q5) Describe how you could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.
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Chapter 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:
A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.
Q2) The homunculus in S1:
A)exaggerates some parts of the body and de-emphasizes others.
B)represents each body part equally.
C)represents the feet at the base of the cortex and the head at the top of the cortex.
D)has no representation of the face.
Q3) What is combinatorial explosion? Why is it a problem in categorization learning?
Q4) Preston enjoys listening to piano music,and he enjoys listening to violin music,but he dislikes hearing both instruments played together in a duet.This is an example of:
A)discrimination training.
B)negative patterning.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)acquired equivalence.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for
Facts and Events
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following states that retrieval is MORE likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encoding?
A)Consolidation
B)depth of processing
C)transfer-appropriate processing
D)proactive interference
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?
A)remembering the details of your first date
B)remembering how to tie your shoes
C)knowing that birds fly
D)knowing the name of your state capitol
Q3) To create a memorable yet secure password,you should:
A)make your password relatively short.
B)create a password that is not meaningful to you.
C)write your password on a piece of paper.
D)write a hint or cue on a piece of paper.
Q4) Explain why the shape of the typical forgetting curve implies that there is a consolidation period for memories.
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Q5) Describe how episodic memory was demonstrated in either gorillas or scrub jays,.
Chapter 8: Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
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96 Verified Questions
96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with Huntington's disease:
A)cannot learn new perceptual-motor skills.
B)cannot learn new cognitive skills.
C)perform normally on tasks that require tracking a target.
D)have deficits in learning tasks that require planning.
Q2) A deficit in the coordination of purposeful skilled movements is called:
A)transcranial deficit.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)apraxia.
Q3) A person with damage to the cerebellum would have the MOST trouble with which of the following tasks?
A)learning the movements in a gymnastic routine
B)synchronizing movements with a partner in ballroom dancing
C)copying simple finger movements made by a therapist
D)holding cards during a poker game
Q4) Explain the difference between open skills and closed skills.Give an example of each type of skill,explaining why it would be considered open or closed.
Q5) What is the difference between having talent and being an expert?
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Chapter 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phonological loop can retain information for about how long?
A)1/2 second
B)2 seconds
C)10 seconds
D)2 minutes
Q2) Compared to long-term memory,short-term memory is:
A)slower to access.
B)forgotten more quickly.
C)larger in capacity.
D)outside of conscious awareness.
Q3) Describe the types of working-memory deficits seen in people with frontal-lobe damage.
Q4) Consider the activity of painting a picture for art class.Identify an abstract goal and a concrete/specific goal,and indicate which part of the frontal lobe is involved in each.
Q5) All of the functions of the central executive involve:
A)maintaining verbal information.
B)maintaining visuo-spatial information.
C)manipulation of information in sensory memory.
D)manipulation of information in short-term memory.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding emotions?
A)There seem to be many cultural differences in feeling emotions but not in expressing them.
B)People have a difficult time recognizing emotions in the faces of people from other cultures.
C)Emotions seem to be hardwired,although they may be expressed to different degrees.
D)People experience very different emotions depending on their culture.
Q2) Human depression seems to involve:
A)learned helplessness.
B)conditioned avoidance.
C)flashbulb memories.
D)conditioned emotional responses.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a flashbulb memory?
A)remembering sad words because you are feeling sad
B)remembering a game show you watched on TV last night
C)remembering happy words because you were happy when you learned them
D)remembering the birth of your first child
Q4) Describe the mechanism by which activation of the amygdala enhances memory for emotional events.
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Chapter 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting,
and Reenacting
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inborn tendency to react emotionally to stimuli that indicate emotion in other members of one's species is called:
A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)imitation.
D)contagion.
Q2) The findings with frontal lobe patients who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate suggest that the frontal lobes:
A)are important for visually matching an observed action to the memory of that action.
B)are important for matching a sound produced by someone else to the memory of that sound.
C)play a role in inhibiting imitation.
D)play a role in enhancing imitation.
Q3) What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?
A)Viewing violent media has little effect on aggressive behavior.
B)Viewing violent media can reduce aggressive behavior.
C)Viewing violent media can increase aggressive behavior.
D)The results have been mostly inconclusive.
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Chapter 12: Development and Aging: Learning and Memory
Across the Lifespan
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The MOST common version of the BDNF gene is the:
A)Val allele.
B)Met allele.
C)His allele.
D)Tyr allele.
Q2) Describe how sex hormones impact learning and memory in the developing brain.
Q3) The time period in which learning is MOST effective is known as:
A)a critical period.
B)a sensitive period.
C)an imprinting period.
D)the gestational age.
Q4) Which of the following is true regarding neurogenesis?
A)It is increased when BDNF is removed.
B)It is not uniform throughout the brain.
C)It occurs only after apoptosis has been completed.
D)The majority of neurons are in place by 10 weeks after conception.
Q5) Describe the processes of neurogenesis,apoptosis,synaptogenesis,and pruning of synapses,and how they all impact learning.
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Q6) Explain how sensitive periods are beneficial to learning and memory in the brain.