Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience
Exam Answer Key
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the biological foundations of mental processes by examining how brain activity underlies cognition, including perception, attention, memory, language, decision-making, and consciousness. The course integrates insights from neuroscience, psychology, and neuroimaging techniques to understand the neural mechanisms that support human thought and behavior. Students will gain an understanding of key methodologies such as functional MRI, EEG, and lesion studies, as well as an appreciation for current research findings and theoretical debates in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Gestalt psychologists argued that
A)complex processes like memory can be measured and analyzed.
B)psychological experiences can be related precisely to the physical properties of light and sound.
C)most knowledge comes from sensory experience.
D)percepts are best understood in relation to a stimulus's emergent properties.
Answer: D
Q2) In the early 20th century,American departments of psychology were dominated by the rationalist school of psychology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge
A)originates from sensory experience.
B)must be experimentally tested.
C)must be deduced and justified through reason.
D)is globally distributed in the cortex.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most antidepressants are
A)dopamine agonists.
B)dopamine antagonists.
C)serotonin agonists.
D)serotonin antagonists.
Answer: C
Q2) At the resting state,a higher concentration of ________ is found outside a neuron and a higher concentration of ________ is found inside a neuron.
A)K+ / Na+
B)Na+ / K+
C)dopamine / serotonin
D)serotonin / dopamine
Answer: B
Q3) The antipsychotic drugs often given to people with schizophrenia are typically A)dopamine agonists.
B)dopamine antagonists.
C)serotonin agonists.
D)serotonin antagonists.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parts of the brain where metabolic activity is relatively high are characterized by
A)elevated regional blood flow.
B)increased cerebrospinal fluid production.
C)a high degree of myelination.
D)greater concentrations of calcium ions.
Answer: A
Q2) The temporal lobe likely bears this name because
A)it is the brain's center for temporal processing.
B)its functions are particularly susceptible to the effects of aging.
C)it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age.
D)its neurons fire more quickly than neurons in other brain regions.
Answer: C
Q3) The precentral gyrus is to the postcentral gyrus as the primary ________ cortex is to the primary ________ cortex.
A)somatosensory / auditory
B)auditory / visual
C)visual / motor
D)motor / somatosensory
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) The model of Kali and Dayan predicted that the maintenance of memories over time would
A)depend on reactivation of thalamo-neocortical connections.
B)depend on reactivation of hippocampal-neocortical connections.
C)NOT depend on reactivation of thalamo-neocortical connections,even though these are essential for the formation of new memories.
D)NOT depend on reactivation of hippocampal-neocortical connections,even though these are essential for the formation of new memories.
Q2) Chronometric methods are based on the assumption that
A)inferences about mental representations can be made based on the speed with which participants make particular judgments.
B)the greater the number of mental operations necessary to complete a task,the more quickly a response can be generated.
C)cognitive activities are serial processes rather than parallel processes.
D)information-processing resources are limited when more than one task is given at a time.
Q3) What are some strengths and limitations of computational models as a method in cognitive neuroscience?
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6
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the auditory system,the conversion of sound waves into action potentials occurs in the
A)ganglion cells.
B)eardrum.
C)cochlear nucleus.
D)hair cells.
Q2) Before entering the brain,each optic nerve splits into two branches so that information from the ________ half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain.
A)nasal (medial)
B)temporal (lateral)
C)left (dorsal)
D)right (ventral)
Q3) Which of the following structural attributes does NOT describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)of the thalamus?
A)Inputs from each retina terminate in separate layers of the LGN.
B)Information about color and motion is represented by separate regions in the LGN.
C)Each layer of cells in the LGN contains a retinotopic map of the visual field.
D)Each half of the LGN carries information from only the contralateral eye.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) You,a neurologist,have just met a patient who suffered a stroke last year and is having trouble identifying objects.Could this person be experiencing visual agnosia? What tasks could you ask the patient to perform to help you determine the source of the problem?
Q2) ________ is to ________ as face recognition is to object recognition.
A)Agnosia / prosopagnosia
B)Prosopagnosia / agnosia
C)Alexia / agnosia
D)Agnosia / alexia
Q3) According to ________ theories of object recognition,when one sees an object such as a bicycle,recognition depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions.
A)view-invariant
B)viewer-centered
C)feature analysis
D)perceptual categorization
Q4) The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord communicate with muscle fibers by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,which influences muscle activity by
A)depolarizing neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
B)directly causing muscle contractions.
C)hyperpolarizing peripheral motor neurons.
D)inhibiting neurons in the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
Q2) ________ seem(s)particularly important in the control and planning of complex motor sequences as opposed to simple movements.
A)The primary motor cortex
B)The primary somatosensory cortex
C)The motor cortex regions in the prefrontal lobes
D)The motor cortex regions in the parietal lobes
Q3) Corticospinal fibers originate primarily in the A)cerebellum.
B)supplementary motor area.
C)premotor cortex.
D)primary motor cortex.
Q4) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory)code rather than a semantic (meaning-based)code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall,
A)performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in meaning.
B)performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in meaning.
C)performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in sound.
D)performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in sound.
Q2) The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short term (maintenance)but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).
A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory
Q3) Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with alcoholism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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45 Verified Questions
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Q1) The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent adversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions
A)regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.
B)only in cases where the face is consciously perceived.
C)only in cases where the face is not consciously perceived.
D)more strongly if the face is consciously perceived.
Q3) One laboratory measure that can be used to record implicit physiological reactions to emotionally aversive stimuli is the
A)positive and negative affect scale.
B)somatic marker method.
C)skin conductance response.
D)task-switching paradigm.
Q4) Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference to meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Written Chinese uses a(n)________ system in which symbols usually represent morphemes,whereas written German uses a(n)________ system in which symbols represent phonemes.
A)alphabetic / syllabic
B)syllabic / semantic
C)semantic / logographic
D)logographic / alphabetic
Q3) Lexical priming effects are mediated entirely by implicit or automatic processes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Spanish language has a relatively deep orthography in comparison to English.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A normal adult speaker has passive knowledge of about 50,000 words.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) When participants in a dichotic listening task with word stimuli are asked afterward to report as many items as possible,they consistently produce the words that were presented to the right ear much more frequently than the words that were presented to the left ear.This phenomenon is called
A)binaural integration.
B)the word superiority effect.
C)the right-ear advantage.
D)the frequency hypothesis.
Q2) How do the two hemispheres differentially process the local and global elements of visual hierarchical stimuli? How does the spatial-frequency hypothesis explain this?
Q3) Brain asymmetries are restricted to the cerebral cortex and are not found in subcortical structures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Speculate about the relationship between language lateralization and handedness in the human species.In your answer,describe Corballis's notion of the generative assembling device.
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Q1) In dichotic listening studies,it has been found that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel.This finding suggests that
A)selection occurs late in perceptual processing.
B)selection occurs early in perceptual processing.
C)there is a separate cognitive system for name recognition.
D)recognition of familiar stimuli does not require attention.
Q2) Which of the following phenomena is the most problematic for a strong early-selection view of attention?
A)Endogenous cuing
B)The cocktail party phenomenon
C)Exogenous cuing
D)Intrusion of the unattended
Q3) Models of late selection hypothesize that attended and ignored inputs are processed equivalently by the perceptual system,reaching a stage of semantic analysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.
A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)The anterior cingulate gyrus
C)The medial temporal lobe
D)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Q2) Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?
A)A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you.
B)You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor.
C)You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.
D)A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number.
Q3) A person who has difficulty with "recency memory" tasks would have the most difficulty with which of the following?
A)Remembering a list of items to purchase at the market
B)Setting a table with forks,knives,and spoons
C)Recognizing the difference between two similar ingredients
D)Entering the ingredients for a recipe in the correct order
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury?
A)A 20-foot fall during construction of the Eiffel Tower that resulted in coup-contra-coup injury
B)A gunshot wound during the Battle of Gettysburg that penetrated his skull
C)An explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head
D)A shipwreck off the coast of Australia that deprived his brain of oxygen for 10 minutes
Q2) What is the somatic marker hypothesis? Describe a neuropsychological study-real or hypothetical-that would support or disprove the somatic marker hypothesis.
Q3) Which of the following resulted in the significant personality changes observed in Phineas Gage?
A)Parkinson's disease
B)Temporal lobe epilepsy
C)Orbitofrontal damage
D)Limbic damage
Q4) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Q1) ________ refers to the mutual "give and take" in social relationships.
A)Altruism
B)Exaptation
C)Natural selection
D)Reciprocity
Q2) According to François Jacob (1977),natural selection works like a A)scientist.
B)tinkerer.
C)engineer.
D)traveling salesman.
Q3) The insect wing is thought to have first evolved because it provided the benefit of thermoregulation.Only later,when wings became large,did it also come to provide the important benefit of flight.This is an example of A)exaptation.
B)phenotypic shift.
C)an allele.
D)meiotic division.
Q4) Bullock's three aims of comparative neuroscience are roots,rules,and relevance.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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