Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter Exam Questions
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, memory, language, attention, and decision-making. Integrating principles from psychology, neuroscience, and computer science, the course examines how brain structure and function give rise to cognitive abilities. Topics include brain imaging techniques, neural networks, the biological basis of consciousness, and the effects of brain injuries on cognition. Students will gain an understanding of how cognitive theories are informed by empirical findings from neuroscience research, as well as how these insights contribute to our understanding of human behavior and mental health.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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Q1) When a rat is placed in a T-maze and learns to turn left to get the food, behaviorists would call this learning strategy an example of ___________.
A) place learning
B) response learning
C) probed learning
D) strategic learning
Answer: B
Q2) Aristotle compared a memory to a replication of a perceived object that we record independently of its original context.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) According to a study by Bechera et. al. (1995), the subject with selective hippocampal damage did not __________.
A) remember the task events or show conductance to the boat horn
B) remember the task events
C) show conductance to the boat horn
D) react to the boat horn or show conductance to the different colors
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Q1) After the accident, Jim was not able to recognize his wife's face. Specific damage would most likely be to the ________ cortex.
A) auditory
B) cerebral
C) motor
D) inferotemporal
Answer: D
Q2) The synapse consists of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) presynaptic material.
B) postsynaptic material.
C) synaptic cleft.
D) synaptic connector.
Answer: D
Q3) In a study by Richard Morris, injecting rats with the drug AP5 resulted in the rats
A) quickly finding the platform
B) swimming in the vicinity of the platform
C) eventually finding the maze after circling the area
D) failing to swim in the vicinity of the maze
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Q1) Sensitization and habituation are similar in that they both ________.
A) require attention
B) change the magnitude of responsiveness
C) increase the magnitude of responsiveness
D) decrease the magnitude of responsiveness
Answer: B
Q2) In the Aplysia, habituation was the result of sensory adaptation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Invertebrates have smaller neurons that vertebrates, making them harder to study.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Habituation is normally exhibited as a long-term phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Q1) _____________ occurs when we are able to identify stimuli that vary along a continuum as a meaningful category.
A) Stimulus detection
B) Stimulus perception
C) Categorical perception
D) Categorical detection
Q2) In a seminal study, Tulving (1982) found that recognition memory was best on the ______ but decreased on the _____ test.
A) one-day; three-day
B) one-day; seven-day
C) three-day; seven-day
D) three-day; ten-day
Q3) As part of a study, Steve was asked to rapidly judge if a string of letters flashed on a screen was a legitimate word. This technique is called a __________.
A) repetition priming
B) fragmentation
C) lexical decision
D) word completion task
Q4) Describe the four main mechanisms involved in perceptual skill learning.
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Q1) How does the Rescorla-Wagner model explain the strength of a CR and learning?
Q2) If you were conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, what happens to the CRs in the testing scenario?
A) The CRs decrease.
B) Initially the CRs increase, then decrease.
C) The CRs increase.
D) It does not affect the CRs.
Q3) When an animal eventually stops responding to a CS when the CS is presented without the US, it is due to forgetting.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Damage to the hippocampus prevents delay conditioning from occurring properly.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is not an example of complex conditioning?
A) first-order conditioning
B) blocking
C) contextual conditioning
D) sensory preconditioning
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Q1) If a parent wanted to extinguish a behavior and used punishment only sometimes when a child did the unwanted behavior, the result will probably be _______.
A) a continuation of the unwanted behavior
B) a rapid increase in the unwanted behavior
C) a rapid decrease in the unwanted behavior
D) a slow decrease in the unwanted behavior
Q2) Cued-recall in a water maze task is an example of _________ learning.
A) place
B) nonassociative
C) platform
D) cued
Q3) Sally got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales. She is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q4) Explain how instrumental learning uses reinforcers to change behavior.
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Q1) More recent studies of the neurobiology of emotion have focused on the _________ system.
A) limbic
B) hippocampal
C) neomammalian
D) cerebral
Q2) Klüver-Bucy syndrome was the result of the removal of the hippocampus in monkeys.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the brain areas are not connected directly to the basolateral nucleus through a pathway originating in the amygdala?
A) thalamus
B) striatum
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
Q4) Explain how phobias could be an example of fear conditioning. Use an example to support your view.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Q1) The man who discovered Velcro developed it after he saw that burrs stick to a dog's fur. This is a specific example of a(n) ___________.
A) creative procedure
B) matching-to-sample problem
C) implicit memory
D) exemplar
Q2) While watching a movie you hear a song from the 1980s that you should remember. When you are going through your memory thinking of the singer you are doing what active process?
A) encoding
B) elaboration
C) organization
D) retrieval
Q3) Research indicates that mere exposure to material does not necessarily lead to a better memory for it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe Craik and Tulving's (1975) levels of processing experiment and indicate how each level was related to encoding and memory.
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Q1) The ROC is scored by dividing the ________ by the _______.
A) false alarms; hits
B) hits; false alarms
C) recall hits; recognition hits
D) recollection errors; recall errors
Q2) Discuss which kinds of memory show the most prominent declines as we age and why. Be specific in your answer.
Q3) The hippocampus is strongly activated when London taxi drivers recall specific routes in the city.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tulving compared episodic and semantic memory on the basis of their representations of _________.
A) favorability
B) time
C) strength
D) repetitiveness
Q5) Familiarity causes a curvilinear shape in an ROC curve.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Q1) On the top of a concept hierarchy are _________ features that define a category.
A) specific
B) general
C) abstract
D) concrete
Q2) Knowlton and colleagues found that __________ knowledge can be acquired by amnesic individuals with hippocampus damage.
A) tactile
B) grammatical
C) logical
D) rational
Q3) Spatial memories are not hierarchically organized.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Although amnesic individuals have trouble being able to recall specific stimuli, they were able to ___________.
A) categorize cartoon characters
B) recognize the grammatical rules
C) recall the items being categorized
D) recall whether or not an object fit into a category
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Q1) Jim was trying to remember the phone number for his colleague at work so he repeated it until he was able to call him. Later that day when he telephoned his mother he dialed his colleague again. This misdial is referred to as a(n) __________ error.
A) implicit
B) purposeful
C) misfire
D) intrusion
Q2) After rabbits exhibited conditioned eyeblinks they were given hippocampal lesions either one day or one month later. The rabbits that had the lesions one month later were
A) impaired on the eyeblink savings
B) able to retain the eyeblink conditioning
C) unable to exhibit the eyeblink condition
D) delayed on the eyeblink condition
Q3) Animals with lesioned parietal lobes tend to show graded temporal amnesia on spatial tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is known about how sleep helps with consolidation of memory?
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Q1) Sperling (1960) found that after an interval of one second between the presentation of an array and the tone _______.
A) greatly increased the number of letters recalled
B) increased the number of letters recalled slightly
C) decreased the number of letters recalled slightly
D) greatly decreased the number of letters recalled
Q2) Monkeys with ________ lesions show impairment on self-ordering tasks where they were responsible for monitoring the order of presentation of a set of items.
A) dorsolateral prefrontal
B) medial prefrontal
C) orbital prefrontal
D) lateral prefrontal
Q3) Two monkeys were watching a researcher hide a reward under one of two plaques and had to remember where the reward was after a short delay. This technique for short-term memory is called the delayed response task.
A)True
B)False
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