Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuroscience
Chapter Exam Questions
Cognitive Neuroscience explores the neural mechanisms underlying mental processes such as perception, memory, language, attention, and decision-making. Integrating principles from psychology, neuroscience, and biology, the course examines how brain structure and function support cognition by discussing experimental approaches, neuroimaging techniques, and clinical case studies. Students learn about the relationship between brain regions and cognitive functions, the effects of brain injury and disease, and how current research advances our understanding of the mind.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) When did the cognitive revolution occur?
A)early 1970s
B)late 1950s
C)late 1850s
D)mid-1940s
Answer: B
Q2) In cognition,STM almost always refers to __________.
A)sensory terminal memory
B)short-term memory
C)salience to me
D)standard theory of memory
Answer: B
Q3) Which is true of Ebbinghaus?
A)He was interested in memory.
B)He was interested in perception.
C)He was interested in reasoning.
D)He was interested in studying introspection.
Answer: A
Q4) What are the three main memory stores in the standard model of memory?
Answer: (SENSORY REGISTER,SHORT-TERM MEMORY,LONG-TERM MEMORY)
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term potentiation involves the creation of new __________ receptors. Answer: (AMPA)
Q2) Neuronal action potentials follow __________.
A)temporal markers
B)the all or none principle
C)in sequence
D)an encoding stage
Answer: B
Q3) Which neuroimaging technique uses blood flow to measure neural activity?
A)MRI scan
B)fMRI scan
C)ERP recording
D)TMS
Answer: B
Q4) All neuroimaging measures are focused on revealing structure.)
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) How did Penfield assess the functional role of different brain areas? Answer: (DIRECT STIMULATION)
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sperling's studies in visual apprehension revealed that more information was available than could be reported by use of his __________ report condition.
A)partial
B)whole
C)verbal
D)visual
Answer: A
Q2) The difference between partial report and full report is typically used to investigate
A)journalism
B)iconic (or echoic)memory
C)ecological validity
D)bipolar synapse
Answer: B
Q3) The suffix effect is superior memory for items at the end of a visual list.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the reflexive redirection of attention that orients you toward the unexpected stimulus so that you can devote deliberate attention to it if warranted.
A)RAS
B)Orienting reflex
C)Psychological refractory period
D)Habituation
Q2) Attention capture and orienting are important because they allow __________.
A)for neurological bonding
B)retinotopic filament reduction to occur
C)the preparation of an appropriate response
D)what was previously not allowed
Q3) Automatic processing is always better than controlled processing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a process to be called automatic?
A)It occurs very slowly.
B)It consumes few cognitive resources.
C)It occurs without intention.
D)It is unconscious.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the decline in performance caused by the previously given memory lists interfering forward in time with your recollection of the most recent list is greatly reduced as a result of a switch in the semantic category content of the current to-be-remembered stimulus list,you are experiencing ______________________.
Q2) Retroactive interference is __________.
A)a cost in the ability to remember due to memories of prior events
B)a cost in the ability to remember due to memories of more recent events
C)trouble a person has in recalling items as they get further along in a list
D)trouble a person has in recalling items for items early on in a list
Q3) The success of the Sternberg task illustrates the usefulness of __________.
A)free recall
B)serial position curves
C)chunking
D)chronometric methods
Q4) Newer information interferes with older information in __________.
A)a new theory of decay
B)release from PI
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
Q5) What are the two components of the phonological loop?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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Q1) What are some reasons that distributed practice may lead to better memory than massed practice?
Q2) Information that is in memory,but cannot be retrieved at the moment,is said to be __________ but not __________.
A)available; accessible
B)accessible; available
C)consolidated; interfered with D)interfered with; consolidated
Q3) Memories for personally experienced events are typically called ___________________ memories.
Q4) If people are given pieces of information and asked to report the rest,this is called a __________ test.
A)free recall
B)cued recognition
C)free recognition
D)cued recall
Q5) Semantic and episodic memories convey very similar kinds of information. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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Q1) "ROBIN is a BIRD" is NOT an example of __________.
A)nodes
B)network
C)bridging
D)spreading activation
Q2) The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What nature of memory is best illustrated by the operation and influence of schemata during memory retrieval?
A)forgetting
B)compartmentalization
C)learning
D)reconstruction
Q4) Why would semantic memory have characteristics that reflect embodied cognition?
Q5) What type of memory process does a schema or script aid in?
Q6) In connections networks,knowledge is represented in the strength of the
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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Q1) Prospective memory __________.
A)is related to proactive interference
B)is better when it is time-based
C)is better when it is event-based
D)is better in older adults
Q2) The lexical decision stimuli will be the items: DUCK
GRILL MANGO
YELLOW
Using these items,how might you test priming on a lexical decision task for words that appeared between two propositions in the same sentence and across two different sentences?
Q3) When people are given lists of related words,and then later falsely recall a word that is strongly related to the others,but not actually said,the experimental paradigm is called a __________.
A)vigilance method
B)DRM paradigm
C)elicitation technique
D)distorting manipulation
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Chapter 9: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sounds of language are graphically illustrated in __________.
A)electrographs
B)phonographs
C)spectrographs
D)audiophiles
Q2) Which of the following was NOT one of Hockett's linguistic universals?
A)duality of patterning
B)arbitrariness
C)displacement
D)encoding
Q3) The syntactic structure of sentences can prime your use of those same syntactic structures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ?The linguistic universal that specifies that "language conveys meaning" is __________.
A)duality of patterning
B)total feedback
C)productivity (generativity)
D)semanticity
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Less skilled readers resolve pronouns as well as more skilled readers,but only when they are integrating meanings together.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How can priming research be used to learn about conversational interaction?
Q3) What is the labor in vain effect?
A)when people spend time trying to learn information that is beyond their current level of knowledge
B)trying to teach someone who is not motivated to learn
C)working hard to get someone to understand what you are saying only to find out that he or she had the wrong idea all along
D)Teaching someone something,only to have him or her forget it soon after
Q4) What is the name of the study of extralinguistic factors that influences language processing?
Q5) The labor in vain effect reflects __________.
A)trying to study without adequate materials
B)continuing to try to recall and remember information that just isn't in memory
C)attempts to study information beyond one's current ability
D)the forgetting of information in permastore
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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Q1) Making a decision based on ease of retrieval of relevant examples from memory (e.g.,the "words with K in the first/third position" example)is __________.This is an informal approach that can be extremely useful in many situations,but it sometimes produces the wrong answer.
A)representativeness heuristic
B)Bayes' theorem
C)availability heuristic
D)all of the above
Q2) __________ is(are)defined as "mental representations of meanings of the terms in reasoning problems."
A)Formal logic
B)Venn diagrams
C)Mental models
D)Semantic networks
Q3) Limits on our knowledge of the domain often lead us to rely on heuristics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Denying the consequent leads to a valid inference.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) H.M.,the famous anterograde amnesic,would likely __________.
A)show normal learning curves on problem-solving tasks
B)have profound retrograde amnesia
C)be unable to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem
D)show normal free recall performance in a word problem task
Q2) According to the multiconstraint theory of problem solving,analogical problem solving is aided by finding and using __________.
A)the stated goals in a problem
B)observed stimuli
C)first impressions
D)an exclusive focus on the problem
Q3) Procedural knowledge is a general term referring to one's knowledge of a specific domain or topic,especially in problem solving.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A _____________________ is a pair of statements,called either a condition-action pair or an if-then pair.In such a scheme,if the "if" condition is satisfied,then the "then" action part of the pair takes place.
Q5) A problem that has clear initial and end states is called _______________
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prosody is processed more by the right hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The person who was less able to control his emotions following a traumatic railroad construction accident when a tamping rod was blown through his brain was
A)Paul Broca
B)Clem Parsons
C)Mordacai Morgan
D)Phineas Gage
Q3) The weapon focus effect is __________.
A)when the presence of a weapon causes you to retrieve violence-related memories
B)the inability to focus on a weapon present in a scene because it is so aversive
C)the inverse of tunnel memories
D)poorer memory for other event details when a weapon is present
Q4) The amygdala is an important neurological structure for processing emotions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Emotions are characterized by their ___________ and their _____________.
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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Q1) Compared to younger adults,older adults tend to show a greater __________.
A)use of heuristics
B)logical reasoning bias
C)hindsight bias
D)decision-making hierarchy
Q2) Language processing is relatively well-preserved at the __________ level for older adults.
A)verbatim
B)situation model
C)textbase
D)propositional
Q3) According to Piaget,when is a child in the formal operations stage?
A)birth to age two
B)ages two to seven
C)ages seven to eleven
D)age eleven and up
Q4) While younger adults are more impulsive,older adults are slower and more deliberative in their decision making.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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