Cognitive Neuropsychology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Cognitive Neuropsychology explores the relationship between brain function and cognitive processes by examining how brain injuries and neurological disorders affect perception, memory, language, and reasoning. This course delves into the methods used to study brain-behavior relationships, reviews key experimental findings, and highlights classic case studies that have shaped our understanding of normal and impaired cognition. Students will gain insight into current theories of cognitive architecture, the neural substrates of mental functions, and the implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of cognitive deficits.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by
Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a first approximation,individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________,whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with ________.
A)fine motor control / the sense of touch
B)the sense of touch / fine motor control
C)the production of language / the perception of language
D)the perception of language / the production of language
Answer: C
Q2) Ebbinghaus,who is considered the father of modern memory research,was among the first to demonstrate that
A)different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits.
B)in terms of cognition,the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C)behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus-response relationships.
D)internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The building blocks of the ion channels in cell membranes are A)lipids.
B)amino acids.
C)sodium ions.
D)potassium ions.
Answer: B
Q2) Drugs that facilitate neurotransmission are sometimes called ________,while drugs that inhibit neurotransmission are sometimes called ________.
A)ligands / receptors
B)receptors / ligands
C)agonists / antagonists
D)antagonists / agonists
Answer: C
Q3) Hyperpolarization makes the inside of a cell more positive and more likely to generate an action potential.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cerebellum is believed to contain as many neurons as the rest of the central nervous system combined.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The difference between gray matter and white matter is that gray matter refers to ________,whereas white matter refers to ________.
A)protruding rounded surfaces / fissures and invaginations
B)fissures and invaginations / protruding rounded surfaces
C)cell bodies / axons
D)axons / cell bodies
Answer: C
Q3) All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the
A)globus pallidus.
B)amygdala.
C)caudate nucleus.
D)putamen.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) What can you infer about the responsiveness of two neurons in the visual cortex that lie next to each other in V1?
A)Both cells share a common receptive field.
B)The cells are sensitive to exactly the same stimulus characteristics.
C)The receptive fields of these cells are also next to each other.
D)Both cells have identical baseline activity rates.
Q2) When performing a single-cell recording,researchers carefully insert a thin electrode through the cell membrane into the interior of a neuron.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term tonotopic refers to the fact that the cochlea and the auditory cortex contain maps that are organized according to the sound frequencies that best stimulate the cells.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cognitive neuropsychological approaches using people who have suffered a stroke,tumor,or neurological disorder are sometimes described as "correlational." Explain what this means,and provide a hypothetical case study to illustrate your point.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient with progressive supranuclear palsy is suffering from gradual deterioration of his superior colliculus.Which of the following statements best describes the result of this disease?
A)The patient has intact acuity and shape perception,but he can no longer recognize visual objects.
B)The patient demonstrates the phenomenon of blindsight.
C)The patient is cortically blind.
D)The patient is unable to initiate eye movements.
Q2) The two parts of the cochlear nucleus are (the)________ and (the)________.
A)magnocellular nucleus / angular nucleus
B)lateral geniculate / medial geniculate
C)superior colliculus / pulvinar
D)MT / V4
Q3) The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the ________ and ________ lobes.
A)frontal / temporal
B)frontal / parietal
C)temporal / occipital
D)parietal / occipital
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of most single-cell studies of temporal lobe neurons support the gnostic unit hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One critical distinction in the task of face recognition versus that of reading may be that
A)face recognition requires holistic analysis,whereas reading requires analysis by parts.
B)face recognition can be intact in visual agnosia,but reading is always impaired in visual agnosia.
C)face recognition depends on "face cells," whereas reading requires "word cells." D)face recognition deficits always accompany reading deficits,but the reverse is not true.
Q3) Patients with associative agnosia can typically describe the functions of objects if they are given the names of the objects verbally.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurons in each half of the cerebellum synapse on ________ targets in the thalamus and other subcortical structures,and therefore regulate the effectors on the ________ side of the body.
A)ipsilateral / ipsilateral
B)ipsilateral / contralateral
C)contralateral / ipsilateral
D)contralateral / contralateral
Q2) The neurotransmitter responsible for translating action potentials into mechanical actions at muscles is
A)norepinephrine.
B)dopamine.
C)acetylcholine.
D)serotonin.
Q3) The two general subtypes of apraxia are
A)ideomotor and ideational.
B)ideational and associative.
C)associative and apperceptive.
D)apperceptive and ideomotor.
Q4) What is a population vector? How do population vectors play a role in the initiation of a movement?
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Q1) Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain,but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge.Her ________ memory is accurate,but her ________ memory is incomplete.
A)semantic / episodic
B)nonassociative / semantic
C)episodic / implicit
D)explicit / implicit
Q2) Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.
A)priming
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)nondeclarative
Q3) In the delayed nonmatching to sample task,animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward.When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object,the animal
A)must select the old object again to receive a food reward.
B)must select the new item to receive a food reward.
C)must select first the old item,then the new item,to receive a food reward.
D)must select first the new item,then the old item,to receive a food reward.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patient S.M. ,who had damage to the amygdala,had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that
A)the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B)the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C)the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D)the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.
Q3) The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions
A)regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.
B)only in cases where the face is consciously perceived.
C)only in cases where the face is not consciously perceived.
D)more strongly if the face is consciously perceived.
Q4) What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer,describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not)play a role.
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under certain circumstances,when the conceptual representation of an item is activated,there is subsequent difficulty activating the corresponding word form in the mental lexicon,even though other information about the item can be accessed.This phenomenon is called
A)minimal attachment.
B)dysarthria.
C)lemma interference.
D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Q2) Which of the following statements represents the LEAST consensus among psycholinguists?
A)Semantic knowledge is propositional and not perceptual.
B)Having a mental store of word meanings is crucial to language comprehension.
C)Syntactic priming occurs during language comprehension.
D)Psycholinguistic questions can be addressed using event-related potentials.
Q3) The term auditory neighborhood refers to
A)the range of frequencies stimulated at the cochlea by a pure sine wave tone.
B)a region of tonotopically organized cortex in the superior temporal lobe.
C)the number of words that differ from a target word by only one phoneme.
D)a set of words that are morphological inflections and derivations of each other.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main mass of fibers that carries signals from the cortex in one cerebral hemisphere to the other is called the
A)anterior commissure.
B)corpus callosum.
C)arcuate fasciculus.
D)planum temporale.
Q2) When Sergent (1982)presented lateralized local-global stimuli to control participants,she found that
A)identification of local targets was performed more quickly by the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere.
B)identification of global targets was performed more quickly by the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere.
C)identification of local targets was faster when a stimulus was presented in the left visual field rather than the right visual field.
D)identification of both global and local targets was faster when stimuli were presented in the right visual field rather than the left visual field.
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient who had a stroke in her right parietal lobe has extinction as a result of her injury.This person will fail to report a
A)single visual stimulus presented to the contralesional visual field.
B)single visual stimulus presented to the ipsilesional visual field.
C)visual stimulus presented to her contralesional visual field if another stimulus is simultaneously presented to her ipsilesional visual field.
D)visual stimulus presented to her ipsilesional visual field if another stimulus is simultaneously presented to her contralesional visual field.
Q2) Describe the basic findings of the visual search research conducted by Treisman and colleagues.In particular,describe the difference between a feature search and a conjunction search.Draw a figure illustrating a typical response time pattern for the two search types.
Q3) Models of late selection hypothesize that attended and ignored inputs are processed equivalently by the perceptual system,reaching a stage of semantic analysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) You have just been introduced to two people,one of whom suffers from a frontal lobe syndrome and the other from visual agnosia.However,you do not know which person is which.Describe some questions or tasks that you could use to determine which person has the frontal lobe syndrome and which one has visual agnosia.
Q2) Which of the following experimental tasks would be best for testing deficits in task switching?
A)The delayed response task
B)The semantic generation task
C)The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
D)The Stroop task
Q3) The information that you are currently thinking about,perceiving,or using to guide responding is held in this type of memory store.
A)Source memory
B)Anterograde memory
C)Working memory
D)Implicit memory
Q4) Which aspects of memory are compromised following damage to the frontal lobe? Which aspects are relatively unimpaired?
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Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuroeconomic functional MRI studies have suggested that rational decision making is associated with the ________,and emotion-driven decision making is associated with the ________.
A)orbitofrontal cortex / cingulate
B)orbitofrontal cortex / amygdala
C)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / cingulate
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / amygdala
Q2) Neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex activates more relative to a baseline when people make self-referential judgments compared to other kinds of judgments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states of other people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What evidence supports the notion that autistic people are "mindblind"? What are some alternative hypotheses?
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following LEAST exemplifies a topic in the field of ethology?
A)The ability of an insect to find its way home after foraging
B)The ability of a pigeon to learn a delayed-response task in the laboratory
C)The ability of birds to learn the position of the celestial pole in the night sky
D)The ability of a chimpanzee to recognize the aggressive facial expression of another chimpanzee
Q2) You,a famous neuroscientist,are interested in investigating the human olfactory (smell)system.According to Marr,the general approach you should take includes
A)studying the structure of the olfactory system and how odors are carried through the air.
B)studying the structure of the olfactory system and the types of computational problems it has evolved to solve.
C)studying the structure of the human olfactory system,comparing it to the olfactory systems of other species.
D)studying the genetic basis of the olfactory system,comparing it to the phenotypes that emerge.
Q3) What is the difference between an adaptation and an exaptation?
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Page 17