Cognitive Development Exam Review
Course Introduction
Cognitive Development explores the processes through which humans acquire, organize, and utilize knowledge from infancy through adolescence. The course examines major theories such as those of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information-processing perspectives, highlighting how childrens thinking evolves in areas like perception, attention, memory, reasoning, language, and problem-solving. Students will analyze both classic and current research, considering the influence of biology, culture, and environment on cognitive growth, and will discuss implications for education and parenting.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition 6th Edition by Mark H. Ashcraft
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14 Chapters
1643 Verified Questions
1643 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT part of the "standard theory"?
A)long-term memory
B)sensory register
C)STM/working memory
D)explicit memory
Answer: D
Q2) Who is credited with being the first experimental psychologist?
A) Wilhelm Wundt
B)William James
C)Edward Titchner
D)John Watson
Answer: A
Q3) The interdisciplinary development of cognitive psychology is called _______. Answer: (COGNITIVE SCIENCE).
Q4) Reductionism was the first major psychological approach.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) Identify a key assumption of the analysis of response time data. Answer: (LONGER TIME- MORE WORK)
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The four major lobes of the brain are: FRONTAL,___________,____________,and
Answer: (TEMPORAL; PARIETAL; OCCIPITAL)
Q2) The top layer of the brain,responsible for higher-level mental processes,is __________.
A)neocortex
B)brainstem
C)corpus callosum
D)parietal lobe
Answer: A
Q3) Connectionist models are inspired by the structure of the brain and neural communication.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) What is the name of the signal that is derived from an fMRI scan in order to assess the level of activity in a certain part of the brain?
Answer: (BOLD)
Q5) What is the name of the process generated when a neuron fires?
Answer: (ACTION POTENTIAL)
4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of the human visual system?
A)The initial processing of a stimulus presented in the right visual field (e.g.,20 degrees off centerline on your right-hand side)will be in the left hemisphere (left occipital lobe).
B)The duration of visual sensory memory is about 250-500 milliseconds.
C)Most information is taken up in the first brief period (about 50 milliseconds)of a new fixation.
D)There are more rods at the fovea than there are cones.
Answer: D
Q2) Biederman's recognition by components (RBC)theory is constrained to the identification of two-dimensional objects.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle?
A)closure
B)good continuation
C)proximity
D)recency
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Attention
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The guidance of executive attention is associated with the __________.
A)brainstem
B)anterior cingulate
C)cerebellum
D)superior parietal lobe
Q2) Shadowed speech is __________.
A)generally fluid
B)often monotone (with little intonation)
C)for the unattended channel
D)completely automated
Q3) A word repeated 35 times in the unattended channel during a shadowing task is typically not detected or recognized by the participant.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In cognitive psychology,"attention" has only a single meaning.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The grabbing of attention by an unexpected event is called __________.
Q6) How is attention involved in the occurrence of mind wandering?
Q7) Describe two pieces of evidence against "early selection."
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Chapter 5: Short-Term Working Memory
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which refers to a completely different thing than short-term memory?
A)primary memory
B)Baddeley's "mental workbench"
C)supervisory attentional system
D)implicit memory
Q2) Daneman & Carpenter found that people with a working memory span of 2 got ____ percent correct in the "7 ago" condition of their pronoun test,but people with a memory span of 5 got ___ percent correct on the same test under the same conditions.
A)0; 100
B)20; 80
C)40; 60
D)60; 40
Q3) The cost to memory because of previously encountered information is called
A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)mnemonic failure
D)interference theory
Q4) What are the two components of the phonological loop?
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Chapter 6: Learning and Remembering
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) State-dependent learning can be thought of as a form of __________.
A)retrieval failure
B)recognition association
C)the enactment effect
D)encoding specificity
Q2) If information is __________,it can be retrieved,and so can also said to be __________.
A)available; accessible
B)accessible; available
C)consolidated; interfered with
D)interfered with; consolidated
Q3) Words that denote concrete objects,as opposed to abstract words,can be encoded into memory twice: once in terms of their verbal attributes,and once in terms of their image-based properties.This __________.
A)increases the likelihood that the words will be recalled or remembered
B)illustrates the dual-coding hypothesis
C)relies on visual and verbal codes in memory
D)all of the above
Q4) What is the testing effect in memory,and what implications does it have for educational practices?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Knowing
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a semantic network,concepts are represented by ________ and associations are represented by ________.
Q2) Priming effects always show facilitation relative to baseline.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hintzman referred to semantic memory as ________ memory.
Q4) An abstract central core of a mental category is a(n)__________.
A)core feature list
B)exemplar
C)prototype
D)ad hoc category
Q5) The amplitude of N400 ERPs was markedly lower in the right than in the left hemisphere for abstract words as compared to concrete words.Both amplitudes were lower for abstract relative to concrete words.This is evidence of __________.
A)serial position effect
B)Pavio's dual-coding hypothesis
C)semantic priming
D)natural categories
Q6) What type of memory process does a schema or script aid in?
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Chapter 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the fan effect?
A)the finding that memory is better for fans of a topic
B)an increase in retrieval time with an increase in the number of newly learned associations with a concept
C)an increase in memory performance when there is a fan on to drown out ambient noise
D)an change in the loss of memories as a function of the orthographic neighborhood
Q2) In the Bransford & Franks (1971)experiment,people incorrectly reported recognizing the "three" phrase "The ants ate the sweet jelly that was on the table" as an "old" sentence despite the fact that that particular set of propositions had never been presented together in one sentence.This type of error illustrates __________.
A)a false alarm
B)evidence for semantic integration
C)poor technical accuracy
D)All of the above
Q3) Studies of autobiographical memory reveal memory for one's life story.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Language
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the idea that there is no direct correspondence between the words of a language and the thing it represents?
Q2) Syntax is not influenced by semantics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Our ability to detect variations in speech sounds despite co-articulation and from speaker to speaker reflects __________.
A)bad planning
B)infant perceptual errors
C)speech-to-sound correspondence rules
D)the problem of invariance
Q4) In sentence production,information that is more readily available generally occurs earlier.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The syntactic structure of sentences can prime your use of those same syntactic structures.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Keysar's investigations of conversations,__________.
A)kids,but not adults,show egocentric utterances (expecting others to know what we know and failing to take the others' knowledge into perspective)
B)adults initially planned utterances are egocentric (ambiguous or difficult for the listener to comprehend)
C)adults effectively "repair" almost all egocentricities in their initial utterance
D)our speech is almost entirely driven by our direct and second-order theories
Q2) The broad term for the rules that govern our conversational interactions is
A)conversational laws
B)conversational principles
C)conversational expectations
D)conversational maxims
Q3) What is the name of the effect that shows that people typically start by studying information that is way too hard for them?
Q4) How can priming research be used to learn about conversational interaction?
Q5) What are the five dimensions of Zwaan's event indexing model?
Q6) In what ways can eye tracking data be described as a "window into the mind"?
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Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amount of change required for people to detect the change is __________.
A)JND
B)Weber's constant
C)Helmholtz's equation
D)Fechner's phallia
Q2) What is the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?
Q3) Which does NOT reflect valid conditional reasoning?
A)deny the antecedent
B)modus tollens
C)modus ponens
D)deny the consequent
Q4) Making judgments about which is smaller-a "1" or a "2" versus a "1" or a "4"-will illustrate __________.
A)the symbolic congruity effect
B)the Stroop effect
C)the imagery effect
D)the symbolic distance effect
Q5) Geography questions can show semantic congruity and symbolic distance effects.
A)True
B)False
13
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In problem solving,what is domain knowledge?
A)what a person knows about the topic of a problem
B)how broad a person's knowledge is in general
C)knowledge that is only applicable to one specific domain,and can never be used for any others
D)copyrighted material
Q2) Problem solving by assessing the relationship between two similar situations or problems involves __________.
A)insight
B)analogy
C)Einstellung
D)mental set
Q3) When using analogy to solve problems,the current problem is called the __________domain.
A)source
B)problem
C)solution
D)target
Q4) A problem that has clear initial and end states is called _______________
Q5) How do means-end analysis and working backwards differ?
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Chapter 13: Cognition and Emotion
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is "choking under pressure"?
A)letting your emotions run wild
B)when true performance levels are revealed
C)below-typical performance as a result of stress
D)allowing the unconscious to take over
Q2) If an emotional item occurs during the "moment" of an attentional blink,that item will
__________.
A)exert a stronger influence over the processing of other items
B)exert a weaker influence over the processing of other items
C)be less likely to be identified
D)be more likely to be identified
Q3) Monitoring pressure is caused by __________.
A)emotional overload
B)the intrusion of irrelevant thoughts
C)knowing that stress can impair your outcome
D)automatic processes being disrupted by conscious ones
Q4) What help can emotion be to human cognition?
Q5) For choking under pressure,the type of pressure that occurs when a person focuses on the end result of the task is called _________ pressure.
Page 15
Q6) Emotions are characterized by their ___________ and their _____________.
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Chapter 14: Cognitive Development
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the formal name of the hardening of the lens in vision associated with aging?
A)presbycusis
B)presbyopia
C)cataracts
D)glaucoma
Q2) Older adults are slower in part because their neurons fire more slowly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a developmental accomplishment during the formal operations stage?
A)conservation of mass
B)perspective taking
C)abstract thinking
D)object permanence
Q4) Older adults show marked declines in logical reasoning with advancing age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The use of an incorrect word to name something in young children may be due to __________________.
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