Course Introduction
Cognition Final Exam Questions
Cognition is the scientific study of the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding, including perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning, and problem-solving. This course explores the fundamental mechanisms that underlie how we think, learn, process information, and make decisions. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and practical examples, students will gain insight into the development and function of cognitive processes, the structures of the brain that support them, and the various factors that influence cognitive abilities across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind 7th Edition by Daniel Reisberg
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of the Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who used the language of computer science to describe human cognition?
A)Donald Broadbent
B)Colin Cherry
C)Frederic Bartlett
D)Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following topics is NOT commonly studied within cognitive psychology?
A)anger management
B)decision making
C)memory
D)attention
Answer: A
Q3) An information processing approach to understanding cognition does NOT
A)propose a sequence of mental operations to explain cognition.
B)use computer models to describe cognitive processes.
C)describe cognition as processing information in stages.
D)rely on behavioral principles to explain specific stimulus-response relationships.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a neuron fires,the portion of the cell that carries the signal to the presynaptic membrane is called the
A)dendrite.
B)cell body.
C)axon.
D)nucleus.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be true of a person with Capgras syndrome?
A)She thinks that her mother has been replaced by a look-alike alien.
B)She cannot recognize that her father looks like her father.
C)She also has Alzheimer's syndrome.
D)She has no warm sense of familiarity when she sees a close friend. Answer: B
Q3) Compared to computerized axial tomography (CT scans),electroencephalogram (EEG)
A)detects changes in blood flow.
B)has greater ability to detect brain lesions.
C)offers a moment-by-moment recording of brain activity.
D)assists in understanding how anatomical structures function.
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Visual Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements most accurately represents the order of events involved in interpreting a visual stimulus?
A)First you perceive the components of the stimulus,then you interpret the overall stimulus.
B)First you interpret the overall stimulus,then you perceive the components.
C)You perceive the components and interpret the stimulus in a parallel fashion.
D)There are not sufficient data to know how this process occurs.
Answer: C
Q2) Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy.Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together.But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole.The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the
A)binding problem.
B)law of integration.
C)reassembly law.
D)synchronize process.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Recognizing Objects
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experiment requires participants to quickly determine if a target is present.Which of the following tasks is likely to produce the longest reaction time?
A)Identifying a small red circle in a field of medium and large red circles.
B)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of small red circles and blue horizontal lines.
C)Identifying a blue vertical line in a field of red vertical lines.
D)Identifying a red vertical line in a field of red horizontal and blue vertical lines.
Q2) In many experiments,participants have been shown nonword letter strings,presented very briefly.When asked to identify these strings,participants tend to make specific kinds of errors.How would these errors be best described?
A)They are unable to identify any letters if the string is a nonword.
B)They identify many of the letters correctly but tend to incorrectly identify the vowels.
C)They tend to misidentify strange letter combinations as more-common letter combinations.
D)They misidentify more-common letter combinations as less-common letter pairs.
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6
Chapter 5: Paying Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) A primary difference between early and late selection hypotheses is that in the early selection models,selection of stimuli
A)is based on modality.
B)occurs just before the stimuli reach consciousness.
C)is indiscriminate.
D)happens soon after the stimuli arrive.
Q2) Which of the following statements is NOT true of executive control?
A)It is used to keep current goals active.
B)It inhibits distracting thoughts.
C)It seems to rely on the prefrontal cortex.
D)It is needed for habitual responding but not for goal-directed behaviors.
Q3) Ada recently joined a running club and completed her first 5-mile run.After the run,she has no recall of what she read in her cognition textbook earlier because she is thinking about how sore her legs are.This is a real-world example of A)inhibited processing of distractors.
B)object-based attentional failure.
C)inattentional blindness.
D)spatial attention failure.
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Chapter 6: The Acquisition of Memories and the
Work-Ing-Memory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a peg-word system,participants help themselves memorize a group of items by
A)forming an elaborate sentence about each of the items to be remembered.
B)associating each item with some part of an already memorized framework,or skeleton.
C)naming the items to themselves over and over again.
D)placing each item in its appropriate semantic category.
Q2) The operations through which we gain new knowledge,retain that knowledge,and later use that knowledge are often divided into three processes.Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?
A)retrieval
B)acquisition
C)deliberation
D)storage
Q3) In list-learning experiments,participants' performance in the pre-recency portion of the curve will be improved by
A)employing more common,familiar words.
B)presenting the list of words more quickly.
C)employing a longer list of words.
D)distracting participants for a moment just after the list's end.
Q4) Why is the term "working memory" now preferred over "short-term memory"?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an experiment,participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room
B.If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test,participants
A)performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change.
B)performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory disruption.
C)performed the same as those participants who were not asked to think about Room A.
D)performed worse on the test because this distracting instruction interfered with memory rehearsal.
Q2) Compare and contrast implicit and explicit memory.Include in your discussion a description of the various testing methods that are used to assess each type of memory.
Q3) Establishing a memory connection
A)may be of little value if later the connection is not the one you need.
B)seems to "cement" a memory in place.
C)can occur only for emotional memories.
D)encourages intrusion errors,so you should avoid creating these connections.
Q4) Explain the steps that lead to a judgment of familiarity.How might you manipulate those steps to create an illusion of familiarity?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Remembering Complex Events
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections
A)are crucial for recognition but are less important for recall.
B)increase the amount of time we need to locate a memory in storage.
C)make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors.
D)play a role in implicit memory but not in generic memory.
Q2) By using leading questions and misinformation,researchers have been able to
A)shape how a real event is remembered,but they have been unable to lead participants into remembering an event that never took place.
B)shape how participants remember the sequence of actions in the event,but they have been unable to change how participants remember the details of an event.
C)shape how participants remember the people who participated in an event,but they have been unable to influence how participants remember the objects present as an event unfolded.
D)alter virtually any aspect of participants' memories and have even been able to create memories for entire events that never took place.
Q3) Explain how the passage of time influences memory,both at shorter durations (hours,days)and longer durations (years,decades).
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to prototype theory,the prototype selected for comparison is UNLIKELY to be the
A)ideal for a category.
B)average of various category members.
C)same for every person.
D)central tendency (middle)of all category members.
Q2) Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that
A)both theories require the triggering of a representation in memory.
B)both theories require previous memories to be averaged,or combined,to create the standard for a category.
C)both theories require a judgment of resemblance.
D)both theories allow judgments of inanimate objects.
Q3) It seems unlikely that mental definitions are used to represent our conceptual knowledge because
A)each person has his or her own idea about how concepts should be defined.
B)many of our abstract concepts (e.g. ,justice,love,God)are difficult to define.
C)it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition.
D)most of our concepts are difficult to express in words.
Q4) Are basic-level categories the same as prototypes? Why or why not?
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Chapter 10: Languag
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Sample Questions
Q1) The word "rechecked" has
A)two morphemes.
B)two phonemes.
C)three morphemes.
D)three phonemes.
Q2) Linguistic rules seem to be the source of children's overregularization errors.This sort of error is visible,for example,whenever a child
A)uses a regular sequence of words to express an idea even though a different sequence would be more effective.
B)sees a squirrel and says,"There's a cat!"
C)says,"I goed" or "He runned."
D)fails to distinguish between similar speech sounds.
Q3) Which of the following is FALSE about the pattern of linguistic performance?
A)Performance often contains errors that the speaker knows how to correct.
B)Performance provides a direct assessment of the extent of one's linguistic knowledge.
C)Performance is influenced by slips,or mistakes,in language.
D)Performance often omits language patterns that the speaker is able to use but chooses not to use.
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12
Chapter 11: Visual Knowledg
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist asks her experimental participants to describe their experiences using mental imagery.The psychologist is collecting
A)sentence verification results.
B)self-report data.
C)chronometric evidence.
D)converging evidence.
Q2) The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic pulses at a particular site on the scalp.When this technique is applied to the scalp near Area V1,the effect is
A)to give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations.
B)a temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery.
C)a permanent disruption of visual imagery,and therefore use of the technique is unethical.
D)a temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery.
Q3) Describe the method and results from one chronometric study of visual imagery.Next,argue for or against the idea that demand characteristics could lead to that pattern of behavior and results.
Q4) Compare and contrast imagery and perception.In what ways are they similar? How do they differ?
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Chapter 12: Judgment and Reasoning
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Q1) Evidence from the four-card task suggests that
A)people perform poorly on virtual versions of this task.
B)performance on the task depends on the form of the problem,and not on the problem's specific content.
C)performance is equally bad on abstract versions of this task and concrete versions involving a familiar setting.
D)people's thinking can be improved if a problem contains the right triggers.
Q2) Participants are told,"Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day;Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked,"Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question,participants
A)seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a smaller sample.
B)seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample.
C)correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size.
D)answer correctly,guided by the law of small numbers.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dell,a problem-solving amateur,is trying to solve the "hobbits and orcs" problem,and so she must determine how to move the creatures across a river.Dell is most likely to be helped if she has had earlier experience with
A)a problem with a similar structure and which also involved hobbits and orcs.
B)a problem with the same structure,but which involved protecting wives from their jealous husbands.
C)other problems involving transportation across obstacles.
D)problems illustrating the techniques for dealing with river currents.
Q2) Dr.Jean Yuss has created a new test that she claims can measure intelligence with only 15 questions.Dr.Yuss administers this test to Alex three times,and each time Alex scores only 35% on the test.Other tests of intelligence,however,suggest that Alex is quite intelligent.Which of the following is most likely true of this new test?
A)The test is not a reliable measure of intelligence,but it is a valid measure.
B)The test may be a reliable measure of intelligence,but seems not to be a valid measure.
C)The test is both a reliable measure of intelligence and a valid measure.
D)The test is neither a reliable measure of intelligence nor a valid measure.
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Chapter 14: Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought
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Q1) In one study,participants in Group 1 were given a pill and told,"This pill will make you a bit jumpy,will make your palms sweat,and may give you butterflies in your stomach." Participants in Group 2 were given the same pill,but they were told,"This pill may make you a little sleepy." In both cases,the pill was a placebo and actually had no effect.All participants were then exposed to electric shocks and were asked to rate how painful each shock had seemed.Given other evidence,we would expect that A)there would be no difference between the two groups.
B)the participants would not differ in how they rated the shocks,but participants in Group 2 would end up having more positive feelings about the experiment.
C)the participants in Group 2 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 1.
D)the participants in Group 1 would rate the shocks as less painful than the participants in Group 2.
Q2) Describe the unconscious support structure that influences cognition and our cognitive products.
Q3) Some people suggest that unconscious processes are akin to "mental reflexes." Do you agree? Support your answer with empirical evidence.
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