Clinical Research in Nursing
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Clinical Research in Nursing explores the principles and processes involved in conducting research within clinical nursing settings. This course emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practice, guiding students through the design, implementation, and analysis of clinical studies aimed at improving patient outcomes. Topics include research ethics, data collection methods, statistical analysis, and the critical appraisal of scientific literature. By the end of the course, students will be able to develop research questions, implement clinical studies, interpret findings, and integrate research evidence into nursing practice to enhance the quality of care.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) Which statement(s) describe the actions of the baccalaureate nurse graduate as a participant in the nursing research process? (Select all that apply.)
A) Administering care at the bedside according to a research protocol
B) Providing leadership by helping others apply scientific knowledge to practice
C) Sharing with nursing colleagues research findings that are pertinent to practice
D) Designing and conducting nursing research studies
E) Functioning as a primary investigator for a research study
Answer: A, C
Q2) The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should the nurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings?
A) Procedures
B) Methods
C) Sample
D) Results
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing research?
A) "Most of our hospital's admissions come in at night."
B) "It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift."
C) "It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift."
D) "The personnel on the night shift are not attending promptly to the needs of our patients."
Answer: C
Q2) What is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?
A) To identify the dependent and independent variables
B) To provide direction for the study by indicating the expected outcomes
C) To define the appropriate measures needed to test the research problem
D) To provide a means of determining the feasibility of the proposed study
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which is an example of a \(\bold{secondary}\) source in a literature review?
A) An oral history of a nurse researcher
B) An investigator's report of a research study
C) A summary and critique of another's scholarly work
D) An autobiography of a developer of a nursing theory
Answer: C
Q2) When the nurse researcher conducts an electronic literature search, the search yields more than 7000 citations for the topic. The researcher should make which of these interpretations of the finding?
A) The search was comprehensive.
B) The key words were not sufficiently narrowed.
C) The topic does not require additional investigation.
D) The topic has broad application across health care disciplines.
Answer: B
Q3) Which is an example of a \(\bold{primary}\) source in a literature review?
A) A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher
B) A critique of a nursing research study
C) An edited textbook on nursing research
D) A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) Which statement is an operational definition of a concept?
A) Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling on contemplation of one's own death, measured by Templar's Death Anxiety Scale (Templar, 1986).
B) Pain is a pattern of responses to protect the organism from harm (Sternbach, 1979).
C) Maternal identity entails maternal cognitions and affect with regard to the maternal-infant relational system (Walker and Montgomery, 1994).
D) Spirituality is a way of being or experiencing that comes about through an awareness of a transcendent dimension and one's identifiable values with regard to self, other, nature, and whatever one considers to be ultimate (Elkins, 1988).
Q2) A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is called what?
A) A concept
B) A conceptual definition
C) An operational definition
D) A model
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6
Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) The determining factor for a researcher in selecting a qualitative research approach should be what?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the research participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q2) Which research topic would most likely be studied through a qualitative research approach?
A) The meaning of health and health promotion among low-income Southern rural women.
B) Changes in hope and coping in older adults during rehabilitation after hip fracture.
C) Exercise effects on fatigue and emotional distress during radiation therapy for breast cancer.
D) Older adults and HIV/AIDS: The relationship of perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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7
Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What similarities exist between grounded theory and ethnographic studies? (Select all that apply.)
A) Participants are observed in natural settings.
B) Researchers immerse themselves in the culture of study participants.
C) Researchers bracket their personal opinions and biases during the study.
D) Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously.
E) Techniques for data collection can change as the study progresses.
Q2) A nurse researcher has chosen to use the phenomenologic method. What feature distinguishes the intensive dialogue the researcher will use in this method from a simple interview?
A) Notes are made about the participant's responses during the interview.
B) The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the interview.
C) The questions posed during the interview were developed before the actual interview occurred.
D) The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid misunderstanding or confusion.
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of these titles of a research report indicates the study is qualitative, rather than quantitative?
A) Predicting the treatment choice for women older than age 50 experiencing breast cancer
B) Evaluating nursing interventions for complex oncology clinical phenomena
C) Using virtual reality as a distraction method during chemotherapy
D) Transcending pain during bone marrow aspiration
Q2) The nurse is critiquing a qualitative research study. Which question would be appropriate for the nurse to ask when critiquing the study's fittingness?
A) Has adequate time been allowed to fully understand the phenomenon?
B) Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research?
C) Does the investigator document the research process?
D) What is the projected significance of the research to nursing?
Q3) In the report of a qualitative research study, what does a theme represent?
A) A guideline for evaluating the appropriateness of the study
B) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
C) A label that describes key ideas shared by study participants
D) The relationship between the study's hypotheses and the research questions
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) In which of these ways does the nurse researcher's literature review help select the appropriate study design?
A) By enlarging the scope of the study's hypotheses
B) By objectively assessing available knowledge of the area
C) By comparing current findings with previous study findings
D) By ensuring faithfulness to the study's purpose
Q2) For which of these reasons would a nurse researcher choose to assign subjects randomly to groups in a study?
A) To help ensure that all groups within a study are representative of the larger population
B) To increase the chance that the study groups will be different from each other with regard to extraneous variables
C) To help ensure that current events do not influence the outcomes of the study
D) To eliminate the need for establishing specific study criteria and subject eligibility
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) In the above scenario, which of these properties of experimental research is evident?
A) Quasi-experimental design with no control group
B) Random assignment to research groups
C) Manipulation of the treatment dose
D) Control of extraneous variables
Q2) Which are characteristics of quasi-experimental research designs that are considered \(\bold{weaknesses}\), compared with experimental designs? (Select all that apply.)
A) Cost of implementation
B) Confidence in making causal assertions
C) Subject to contamination of internal validity
D) Disruptive to the usual routine of the setting
E) Difficult to perform in a particular clinical setting
F) Findings due to interference of extraneous variables
Q3) In a true experimental study, the control group is the group that does what?
A) Receives the experimental treatment
B) Receives the placebo treatment
C) Experiences the adverse results
D) Experiences the reactive effects
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Data collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer. What type of study design does this exemplify?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Correlational
Q2) Which method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study?
A) Videorecording of people-to-people interactions
B) Direct participant observation
C) Unstructured interview
D) Questionnaires
Q3) What threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design?
A) Instrumentation effects
B) Mortality effects
C) History effects
D) Selection bias
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12
Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ abstract
Q2) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q3) ___ discussion
Q4) ___ plain language summary
Q5) ___ authors and contact person
Q6) ____ types of participants
Q7) What source contains information on studies published in conference proceedings and other sources not available in other databases?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects
C) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
D) Cochrane Methodology Register
Q8) ___ background of the question
Q9) ___ analysis of the located studies Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) A nurse researcher opts to use a stratified sample in a research study for which reason?
A) The sample population is divided into subsets that are homogeneous for a particular trait or feature.
B) The sample population is divided into subsets for random assignment into an intervention or a usual-care group.
C) The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary from the others on the basis of type of treatment.
D) The sample population is randomly assigned to a specific subgroup that will vary from the others on the basis of treatment duration.
Q2) The nurse researcher selects matching as a technique in a research study. What does the technique of matching in a sampling strategy contribute to the research?
A) Improved overall design of the study
B) Elimination of the need for a control group
C) Increased equivalency of the comparison group
D) Reduced sample size; subjects serve as their own controls
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) The five human rights that are outlined in ANA guidelines include which rights? (Select all that apply.)
A) Right to self-determination
B) Right to privacy and dignity
C) Right to legal consultation
D) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
E) Right to fair treatment
F) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
G) Right to comprehensive medical care
Q2) What are ethical principles that are illustrated by obtaining IRB approval? (Select all that apply.)
A) Respect
B) Beneficence
C) Trust
D) Justice
E) Anonymity
F) Confidentiality
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Page 16
Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) The nurse researcher is attempting to answer specific questions about families' perceptions of caring for elderly parents with dementia. What would be the most appropriate method of data collection for this study?
A) Field notes
B) Structured interview
C) Unstructured interview
D) Physiologic instrumentation
Q2) The training of data collectors to adhere strictly to a standard protocol for a research project will affect the ultimate outcome of the study by doing what?
A) Reducing risks to human subjects
B) Reducing cost of data collection
C) Increasing consistency in data collection
D) Increasing risk of introducing researcher bias into the study
Q3) What is an example of a physiologic measurement?
A) Definition of a type A behavior pattern
B) Description of self-care behavior abilities in patients with dementia
C) Ranges of values on two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses
D) Adjusted scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) The nurse researcher notes that test-retest correlations were r = 0.79 when given over 4-week intervals. This is interpreted to indicate what?
A) Equivalence
B) Discriminability
C) Reliability
D) Homogeneity
Q2) Which type of validity is demonstrated by administering a test in which all items relate to wound care, and then evaluating student performance in caring for patients with wounds in the clinical setting?
A) Face validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Criterion-related validity
Q3) A nurse researcher should be concerned about an instrument's degree of internal consistency because it means what?
A) The instrument is appropriate to use to measure a single concept.
B) The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance.
C) More refinement of the instrument is needed before it can be applied.
D) The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher is interested in describing the assignment of numbers to objects or events. This is best achieved in which way?
A) Through use of prediction
B) Through use of dispersion
C) Through use of variability
D) Through use of measurement
Q2) The nurse researcher is interested in using nominal level data. The object or event that could be used if nominal-level data are of primary interest is what?
A) Test scores
B) Education level
C) Marital status
D) Weight
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) When researchers write the Discussion section of a study, which section of the report is used to evaluate the findings?
A) Method
B) Introduction
C) Theoretical framework
D) Data analysis
Q2) Tables and figures assist in presenting the findings of studies by doing what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Supplementing the text
B) Repeating the text
C) Representing the results
D) Reproducing the results
Q3) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to address support of the theoretical framework?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use, if any?"
Which data-collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
Q2) A comparison study investigating the levels of depression in blind and sighted adolescents does not use a hypothesis. Does the lack of a hypothesis in this study represent a weakness? Why or why not?
A) Not a weakness; study is descriptive
B) Not a weakness; study is quasi-experimental
C) Is a weakness; study is descriptive
D) Is a weakness; study is quasi-experimental
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21
Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) To assess the efficacy of a specific intervention, which type of clinical category should the student investigate in appraising study results?
A) Therapy
B) Sensitivity and specificity
C) Prognosis
D) Harm
Q2) What type of study would be most appropriate if a nurse researcher wants to determine if historical exposure to a specific water source is associated with later development of inflammatory bowel disease?
A) Ex post facto design
B) Experimental design
C) Qualitative design
D) Therapeutic design
Q3) Therapy-type articles are associated with outcome variables that are categorized as what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Continuous
B) Isolated
C) Rich text
D) Dichotomous
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) ___ determine methods and frequency of data collection
Q2) ___ determine baseline and follow-up sample sizes
Q3) What should a nurse researcher use to guide the analysis of data collected from subjects who meet study inclusion and exclusion criteria for the purpose of answering specific research questions that test specified hypotheses?
A) Dissemination of research
B) Metasynthesis of research
C) Utilization of research
D) Conduct of research
Q4) ___ establish content validity of data collection forms
Q5) ___ train data collectors
Q6) ___ provide feedback of analyzed data to staff
Q7) A nurse researcher should view EBP as what?
A) The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
B) The promotion of the publication of research findings among practicing nurses
C) The process of using research findings to improve patient care
D) The collection of data from subjects using measurement devices
Q8) ___ assess interrater reliability of data collectors
Q9) ___ collect data at specified intervals
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Improved patient loyalty leading to repeat business
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) People are eager to participate in and contribute to continual improvement.
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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