Clinical Psychology
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Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is the scientific study, assessment, and treatment of psychological disorders and mental health problems. This course explores the major theories, research methods, and approaches in clinical psychology, including diagnostic processes, evidence-based interventions, ethical issues, and cultural considerations. Students will gain an understanding of psychopathology, the therapeutic relationship, and various treatment modalities such as cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapies. Emphasis is placed on the integration of science and practice, as well as the development of critical thinking and applied skills relevant to mental health settings.
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Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by Randy Larsen
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Q1) A problem with studying only the grand theories of personality is that only parts of them:
A)have stood the test of time and guide modern personality research.
B)apply to men.
C)are based on non-German populations.
D)address the human nature level of analysis.
Answer: A
Q2) The study of personality disorders falls within the _____ domain of knowledge about human nature.
A)biological
B)social and cultural
C)adjustment
D)intrapsychic
Answer: C
Q3) The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of:
A)an adaptive trait.
B)how traits are consistent.
C)how traits are activated only under particular conditions.
D)how traits change over time.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) Which of the following sources of personality data places participants in a standardized testing situation to obtain personality-relevant information?
A)Self-report data (S-data)
B)Observer-report data (O-data)
C)Test data (T-data)
D)Life-outcome data (L-data)
Answer: C
Q2) Shimeath measures dominance in male business managers in a variety of ways.The managers complete a dominance questionnaire,and their subordinates complete observer reports of their managers' dominance.Shimeath examines the managers' employment histories and also measures their serum testosterone.Collecting all this data about one specific personality characteristic is referred to as:
A)cross-fertilization.
B)triangulation.
C)cross-validation.
D)data manipulation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Q1) Jerry is a loner,and he likes to catch flies and pull their wings off.He is also addicted to violent movies.According to Hans Eysenck's personality taxonomy,Jerry is most likely to score high on the personality trait of:
A)introversion.
B)psychoticism.
C)sensation seeking.
D)neuroticism.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a fundamental question that guides those who study personality traits?
A)How can traits be changed?
B)How should traits be conceptualized?
C)How can the most important traits be identified from among the thousands of ways in which individuals differ?
D)How can a comprehensive taxonomy of traits be developed?
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) When personality questionnaires are used to make important decisions about people's lives,then there is always a possibility of _____.
A)acquiescence
B)faking
C)carelessness
D)restriction of range
Q2) Kevin,a 20-year-old college student,loves to party and participate in adventure sports.He is extremely talkative and can liven up any dull moment.He is sociable and loves being the center of attention in every gathering.In the context of the three important assumptions that form the basic foundation for trait psychology,when Kevin becomes a senior citizen,he is most likely to:
A)remain socially active.
B)get involved in antisocial acts.
C)become extremely shy and moody.
D)prefer spending more time alone.
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) In a longitudinal study conducted by George Kelly and Conley (1987),which of the following aspects of personality proved to be the strongest predictor of marital dissatisfaction and divorce?
A)High levels of extraversion
B)Low levels of agreeableness
C)High levels of neuroticism
D)Low levels of conscientiousness
Q2) In a longitudinal study of women from Mills College in the San Francisco bay area conducted by Helson and Wink (1992),the sample of educated women showed a consistent drop in femininity as they moved from their:
A)early fifties to their early sixties.
B)early twenties to their early thirties.
C)early thirties to their early forties.
D)early forties to their early fifties.
Q3) Psychologists Ryan and Deci (2000)suggest that variable persons:
A)are dependent for their self-worth on the approval of others.
B)are most likely to have high self-esteem.
C)are most likely to have low self-esteem.
D)react positively to objectively defined negative events.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Q1) Compared with individuals with so-called short repeat versions of the DRD4 gene,individuals with so-called long repeat versions of this gene were found to:
A)be higher on novelty seeking.
B)be more passive recipients of their environment.
C)have a more significant heritable influence on their religious attitudes.
D)be less affected by the role of genes in their own marital satisfaction.
Q2) Which of the following aims to identify specific genes associated with personality traits?
A)Adoption study
B)Molecular genetics
C)Twin study
D)Behavioral genetics
Q3) It seems unlikely that any single gene will ever be found to explain more than a _____ percentage of variation in personality.
A)small
B)marginal
C)moderate
D)large
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Hebb's theory of optimal level of arousal was controversial because:
A)most researchers thought that tension reduction was the goal of all motives,yet he was saying that individuals are motivated to seek out tension and stimulation.
B)most researchers thought that he hypothesized that individuals seek out higher levels of tension without a means for reducing tension in the body.
C)it hypothesized that individuals cannot maintain an optimal level of arousal for a significant period of time.
D)it hypothesized that individuals are punished when they are not in a state of optimal arousal.
Q2) Mike flies nonstop from San Francisco to London.He finds it easy to adjust to disruptions in his sleep-wake cycles.He most likely is a(n):
A)novelty-seeking type.
B)evening person.
C)extravert.
D)diurnal type.
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Q1) A study of the Fore of New Guinea-a cultural group with practically no contact with outsiders-conducted by Paul Ekman and colleagues (1987)suggests that:
A)emotions are universally expressed and recognized.
B)women are more jealous than men in response to cues to sexual infidelity.
C)gender differences are almost absent in cultures that are highly sexually egalitarian.
D)the tendency to help is independent of the degree of genetic relatedness.
Q2) Research by Paul Ekman and his colleagues has demonstrated that emotional expression:
A)differs widely across cultures.
B)can be identified by people in diverse cultures.
C)can be identified by people in similar cultures only.
D)serves no adaptive function.
Q3) To determine whether something is an adaptation or a byproduct requires knowledge of:
A)the range of functioning of the adaptation.
B)the reproductive success gained by the adaptation.
C)the adaptation and a description of its nature.
D)all possible byproducts of the adaptation.
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Q1) According to psychologists,the _____ refers to the tendency to blame events outside one's control for failure but to accept responsibility for success.
A)directionality problem
B)third variable problem
C)fundamental attribution error
D)behavioral inhibition system effect
Q2) Sigmund Freud remarked that building the skyscrapers of New York City might be a result of:
A)sublimation.
B)reaction formation.
C)projection.
D)repression.
Q3) During the _____ stage,a child receives pleasure from expelling or retaining feces.
A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis focused on the _____,but later psychoanalysts felt that the _____ deserved more attention.
A)ego;superego
B)id;superego
C)superego;id
D)id;ego
Q2) According to a study in which participants were required to answer certain questions aimed at understanding romantic relationships,Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver found that those with an avoidant attachment style tend to:
A)have frequent,but short-lived,romantic relationships.
B)shun romance,believing that real love is rare and transient.
C)remain calm when separated from their partners.
D)be very supportive of their partners,at least emotionally.
Q3) According to Karen Horney,the major differences between boys and girls can be attributed to:
A)genes.
B)hormones.
C)the differences in resolving the phallic stage.
D)cultural influences.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) Carl Roger's client-centered therapy is designed to:
A)get a person back on the path to self-actualization.
B)interpret a person's problems.
C)solve a person's problems.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest?
A)Physiological,esteem,belongingness,safety,self-actualization
B)Physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization
C)Self-actualization,esteem,belongingness,safety,physiological
D)Self-actualization,safety,belongingness,esteem,physiological
Q3) Heckhausen (1982)suggests that when setting challenging standards for a child to promote achievement motivation,parents should _____.
A)emphasize the child's ability over his or her effort
B)set a goal that exceeds the child's abilities
C)instill a fear of failure
D)reward the child when a goal is attained
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Q1) IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of:
A)achievement intelligence.
B)aptitude intelligence.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Who among the following has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences,which includes seven forms,such as interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence?
A)Howard Gardner
B)Cantor
C)Aneseth Petrie
D)Herman Witkin
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a generalized expectancy?
A)The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions
B)The belief that all tests are unfair
C)The belief that good things happen to lucky people
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Q1) It is estimated that depression strikes _____ percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives.
A)5
B)10
C)20
D)50
Q2) People who score high (compared with low)on neuroticism tend to:
A)underestimate their physical symptoms.
B)report fewer serious physical symptoms.
C)have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced in the past.
D)believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not.
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of a hostile individual?
A)Easily irritated
B)Feeling frequent resentment
C)Acting in a rude and critical manner in everyday interactions
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) People who are socially anxious:
A)are less likely to ask for help.
B)are often perceived as unfriendly.
C)do not want to have friends.
D)are less likely to ask for help and are often perceived as unfriendly.
Q2) Experimentation with different identities is most common in:
A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)adulthood.
D)old age.
Q3) To overcome shyness,people should:
A)force themselves into social situations.
B)only enter social situations where they feel comfortable.
C)carefully monitor their part of a conversation.
D)believe that a conversation should flow easily.
Q4) Identity conflicts are _____ conflicts.
A)approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Q1) A scenario in which a boy persuades his brother to steal some candy demonstrates the concept of:
A)manipulation.
B)selection.
C)evocation.
D)stagnation.
Q2) Aggressive people tend to evoke _____ from others.
A)hostility
B)submission
C)understanding
D)praise
Q3) Narcissists use a predictable set of manipulation tactics and are _____.
A)very generous and giving and would be described as "helpers"
B)very aggressive and hostile
C)highly exploitative of others and would be described as "users"
D)supportive and nurturing
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Q1) Several studies have found that masculinity and femininity consist of a single,bipolar dimension,which means that:
A)a person can be both masculine and feminine.
B)a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.
C)a person must be more masculine or more feminine.
D)we must assume hormonal origins of personality traits.
Q2) _____ is the ease with which one can convey emotions,such as crying,showing empathy for the troubles of others,and showing nurturance to those in need.
A)Expressiveness
B)Instrumentality
C)Surgency
D)Rumination
Q3) When we observe a sex difference where women score higher than men,we can conclude that:
A)most women will score higher than most men.
B)some men will score higher than women.
C)there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score.
D)the difference is due to hormones.
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18
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Q1) People who live in extremely hot desert climates wear lightweight,loose robes,and large-brimmed hats.This best exemplifies:
A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.
Q2) Collectivist cultures are similar to _____ cultures.
A)individualist
B)interdependent
C)independent
D)introverted
Q3) In the context of cultural universals,Margaret Mead purported to discover cultures in which _____.
A)individuals created mental images of desired objects to satisfy their needs
B)sex roles were reversed and sexual jealousy was entirely absent
C)adolescents assumed stressful adult responsibilities
D)unacceptable sexual instincts were channeled into socially desired activities
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Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Q1) The fact that most people underestimate their risks,with the average person rating his or her risk as below what is the true probability,is referred to as:
A)optimism.
B)the optimistic bias.
C)time urgency.
D)the general adaptation syndrome (GAhS).
Q2) In the context of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)as proposed by Hans Selye,which of the following is a characteristic of the resistance stage?
A)The immediate fight-or-flight response persists.
B)Resisting stress requires little effort and energy.
C)Bodily resources are used at an above average rate.
D)A person becomes most susceptible to illness and disease.
Q3) In the context of coping strategies and styles,optimists _____,unlike pessimists.
A)believe that their behavior rarely influences outcomes in life
B)believe that life events are unstable and specific
C)overestimate risks and prepare themselves accordingly
D)make global and internal explanations for bad events
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) _____ holds that there is a qualitative break between abnormal and normal personalities.
A)A dimensional view of personality disorders
B)A categorical view of personality disorders
C)The neurotic paradox
D)The narcissistic paradox
Q2) In the context of the prevalence rates of personality disorders,the least common disorder is _____ personality disorder.
A)antisocial
B)borderline
C)narcissistic
D)schizoid
Q3) Which of the following personality disorders has the most disparate gender distribution,which occurs in men with a prevalence rate of about 4.5 percent and in women at only about a 0.8 percent prevalence rate?
A)Borderline personality disorder
B)Narcissistic personality disorder
C)Histrionic personality disorder
D)Antisocial personality disorder
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) In the context of personality in the twenty-first century,the most exciting progress will occur when:
A)researchers continue to work in isolation on different domains of knowledge that they have specialized in over a period of time.
B)researchers,perhaps working on multidisciplinary teams,combine different levels of analysis and different methods in approaching central questions of importance to the field.
C)there is a synthesis of all personality psychology findings under a common framework based on evolutionary psychology.
D)researchers attempt to lay the foundation of biological determinism using the results obtained from the Human Genome Project as a basis for studying human personality.
Q2) Most of the major personality traits are now known to show some moderate amount of heritability,with _____ percent of the variance in these traits due to genetic differences.
A)10 to 20
B)30 to 50
C)60 to 80
D)100
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