Clinical Psychology
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Course Introduction
Clinical Psychology is the scientific study, assessment, and treatment of mental health disorders and psychological distress in individuals across the lifespan. The course explores key theories, empirical research, and evidence-based practices in understanding abnormal behavior, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions. Students gain foundational knowledge of major psychological disorders, the process of clinical assessment, psychotherapy modalities, and ethical considerations in clinical practice. Emphasis is placed on the integration of research and clinical expertise to promote psychological well-being, resilience, and recovery in diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 5th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavior modification, what a person says and does is referred to as:
A) behavior
B) effort
C) motivated acts
D) intention
Answer: A
Q2) Cindy bites her nails but wants to stop.The behavior she wants to change (biting her nails) is called the:
A) negative behavior
B) target behavior
C) controlling variable
D) independent variable
Answer: B
Q3) Behavior modification emphasizes past events as important causes of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful?
Answer: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events.
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sherry had throat surgery and could not talk for days.She worked with a speech therapist to increase her voice loudness.The therapist used an instrument to measure increases in the loudness of her voice.What dimension of behavior was the speech therapist recording?
Answer: intensity
Q2) Describe how you would conduct real-time recording. Answer: Real time recording engages in aggressive behavior during each 10-minute interval of the observation period. While observing a child's tantrum behavior, the observer would indicate the exact time each tantrum started and stopped so that information would be available on frequency, duration, and the timing of the bahvior in the observation period.
Q3) Interobserver agreement involves an observer recording the person's behavior in another observation period to see if the behavior is the same. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A-B designs are frequently used in behavior modification research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior, the researcher measures self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for two weeks.This is an example of a(n) ____________________ design.
A) multiple baseline across settings
B) changing criterion
C) multiple baseline across behaviors
D) alternating treatments
Answer: D
Q3) Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?
A) A-B
B) A-B-A-B
C) changing-criterion
D) multiple-baseline
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned reinforcer?
A) food
B) water
C) money
D) escape from extreme heat
Q2) If a positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior, the behavior is more likely to occur in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement.
A) concurrent
B) overlapping
C) simultaneous
D) mixed
Q4) A(n) _________________ schedule of reinforcement is used when a person is learning a new behavior.
Q5) How does escape behavior differ from avoidance behavior?
Q6) What are a couple examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two factors that influence extinction?
Q2) Extinction will be least effective when:
A) it follows continuous reinforcement
B) it follows intermittent reinforcement
C) reinforcement occurs after extinction
D) B and C
Q3) _________ occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced
A) punishment
B) conditioning
C) extinction
D) B and C
Q4) Ignoring the behavior amounts to extinction only when the behavior is:
A) occurring excessively
B) negatively reinforced
C) reinforced by attention
D) not severe
Q5) When extinction begins and the behavior temporarily increases in frequency, duration, or intensity, this phenomenon is called a(n)
Page 7
Q6) Define extinction (be sure to include all three components of the definition).
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment?
Q2) Extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are examples of:
A) conditioned punishers
B) conditioned reinforcers
C) unconditioned punishers
D) unconditioned reinforcers
Q3) In behavior modification, the term punishment is used to refer to a process in which the consequence of a behavior results in:
A) retribution for the behavior
B) a weakening of the behavior
C) retaliation for the behavior
D) all of these
Q4) TFFor punishment to be most effective, the consequences must follow the behavior immediately.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define punishment.
Q6) _______________ is the process in which a stimulus is delivered following a behavior and the behavior decreases in the future.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stimulus discrimination training can occur as a result of:
A) reinforcement
B) punishment
C) extinction
D) all of these
Q2) As a result of stimulus discrimination training, the presence of the discriminative stimulus:
A) signals that the behavior will be reinforced
B) signals that the behavior will not be reinforced
C) causes an alternative behavior to occur
D) A and C
Q3) A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is stimulus control developed?
Q5) _____________ occurs when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the S .
Q6) Stimulus control is developed by stimulus discrimination training.
A)True
B)False Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) After respondent extinction occurred in which the dog no longer salivated to the sound of the metronome, later Pavlov presented the metronome and the dog began to salivate (to a lesser extent).This is called .
Q2) Which type(s) of respondent conditioning is(are) generally most effective?
A) trace
B) delay
C) simultaneous
D) A and B
Q3) Stimulation that is painful to the body is as example of a(n) ____________ stimulus.
A) neutral
B) conditioned
C) unconditioned
D) environmental
Q4) Which of the following is NOT an example of a conditioned response?
A) a positive emotional response when a man smells his girlfriend's perfume
B) startle response in response to the sight of a gun
C) fear response (autonomic arousal) when walking down a dark street
D) startle response in response to loud noise
Q5) List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) In shaping language in a young child, what is typically the starting behavior?
A) words
B) nouns and verbs
C) babbling
D) sentences
Q2) Which of the following behaviors cannot be developed through shaping?
A) self-injurious behaviors
B) arguments between spouses
C) animal tricks
D) startle response to loud noise
Q3) Which of the following behavioral principles is(are) involved in shaping?
A) extinction
B) punishment
C) reinforcement
D) A and C
Q4) When using shaping, each step should be ____________ to the target behavior.
A) identical
B) a closer approximation
C) irrelevant
D) B and C
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the prompt delay procedure, you provide the prompt, wait 4 seconds and then present the S .
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is used to increase the likelihood that an individual will engage in the correct behavior at the correct time? _____________
Q3) If a person who used to engage in a behavior now refuses to, prompting and transfer of stimulus control is an appropriate procedure to get the person to engage in the behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tammy's Dad is teaching her to drive.As they approach a stop sign, Tammy's Dad tells her to step on the brake and slow down.This is an example of a ____________ prompt.
A) stimulus
B) gestural
C) verbal
D) modeling
Q5) What is fading?
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher is going to use a behavioral chaining procedure to teach an individual with developmental disabilities to stuff brochures into envelopes.The researcher first goes through the process of identifying all the individual stimulus-response components in the chain.This process is called:
A) component analysis
B) stimulus-response analysis
C) task analysis
D) behavioral analysis
Q2) Describe the difference between the single opportunity method and the multiple opportunity method of assessing the mastery level of a learner.
Q3) Provide an example of how you would use self-instructions to guide your behavior in an everyday situation.
Q4) The occurrence of a component behavior in a behavioral chain depends on the occurrence of the previous component behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Chaining procedures involve the systematic use of ___________ and ___________ procedures applied to each component in the chain.
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is(are) true concerning the component of modeling?
A) the learner must have an imitative repertoire
B) it is usually sufficient to produce long term change
C) it may be live or symbolic
D) A and C
Q2) A teacher wants to teach fire safety skills.What should the teacher do immediately after telling the students what to do when there is a fire and showing them what to do in a fire situation?
A) discuss the behaviors further
B) provide the opportunity to rehearse the skills in a simulated fire situation
C) ask them what they would do in a fire situation
D) ask them what they would do in a fire situation and provide feedback for their answers
Q3) Describe how modeling, instructions, rehearsal and feedback are a part of a three-term-contingency.
Q4) BST procedures are NOT used to:
A) teach new behaviors
B) overcome behavioral deficits
C) decrease a problem behavior
D) B and C
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functional Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The identification of antecedent events that evoke a behavior and reinforcing consequences that maintain a behavior is referred to as:
A) direct observation
B) functional analysis
C) experimental manipulation
D) functional assessment
Q2) List and describe the 3 ways to conduct an ABC observation.
Q3) A psychologist is working with a child who is disruptive in the classroom.The psychologist interviews the child's teacher to learn more about the disruptive behavior and the events that immediately precede and follow the behavior.Which method of conducting a functional assessment is the psychologist using?
A) experimental manipulations
B) indirect methods
C) direct observation
D) ABC observation
Q4) Manipulation of antecedents and consequences is involved in ___________.
Q5) If a problem behavior produces stimulation that is reinforcing, this is an example of _______________________ positive reinforcement.
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) An extinction procedure should be used in conjunction with a(n) ___________ procedure.
Q2) Which of the following is necessary in order to determine the effects of extinction?
A) a rough estimate of the behavior before treatment
B) data collection limited to the treatment setting
C) a baseline assessment
D) a label for the problem behavior
Q3) The increase in the problem behavior at first when extinction is used is referred to as:
A) generalization
B) an extinction burst
C) spontaneous recovery
D) behavioral escalation
Q4) A problem behavior will be more resistant to extinction when the behavior has been maintained on a(an) ____________ reinforcement schedule.
A) intermittent
B) continuous
C) concurrent
D) negative
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Provide an example of full session DRL.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a type of differential reinforcement?
A) DRO
B) DRA
C) DRL
D) DRB
Q3) Nicole's parents are trying to decrease the number of phone calls that she makes in a day.If Nicole makes fewer than 5 calls in a day, she is allowed to have a friend over the next day.In which DRL variation is the reinforcer delivered if the number of responses that occur in a period of time is less than a specified level.
A) full-session DRL
B) spaced-responding DRL
C) whole-interval DRL
D) response DRL
Q4) In spaced responding DRL, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of a behavior after a time interval has passed.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In the DRL procedure, you reinforce a(n) ___________ of the problem behavior.
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Judy wants to keep her apartment clean on a regular basis, however, she is often watching TV, talking on the phone or going to parties.Therefore, her apartment usually remains unkempt.What are the competing behaviors for Judy cleaning her apartment? To make these competing behaviors less likely to occur:How would you remove the discriminative stimulus? How would you present an abolishing operation? How would you increase response effort?
Q2) TFExtinction is an antecedent control procedure. A)True
B)False
Q3) In behavior modification, an event that alters the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer is referred to as a(an):
A) extinction burst
B) three-term contingency
C) discriminative stimulus
D) motivating operation
Q4) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
Q5) Zach likes to sit in the back of the classroom so he can talk to his friend Elizabeth while the teacher is instructing.The teacher finds this behavior very disruptive.What would you do to eliminate the cues for Zach's talking behavior?
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe exclusionary time-out.
Q2) Punishment procedures should be used in conjunction with ____________ procedures.
A) chaining
B) extinction
C) shaping
D) reinforcement
Q3) Negative punishment procedures involve the ____________ following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
A) removal of an aversive stimulus
B) removal of a reinforcing stimulus
C) presentation of a reinforcing stimulus
D) presentation of an aversive event
Q4) Time-out should be used when:
A) the reinforcer for the problem behavior is escape from a task
B) the time-in environment is not reinforcing
C) functional procedures have not been implemented
D) none of these
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Q5) Time-out is not appropriate to use with problem behaviors maintained by ___________ or ___________.
Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics
of Punishment
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Q1) When using the punishment procedure of application of aversive activities, ____________ is used as a punisher for engaging in the problem behavior.
A) performance of a behavior
B) removal of a positive reinforcer
C) aversive stimulation
D) removal of an aversive stimulus
Q2) The application of aversive activities includes all of the following procedures except:
A) overcorrection
B) response cost
C) contingent exercise
D) guided compliance
Q3) List 3 different aversive stimuli that have been used in positive punishment procedures.
Q4) The application of aversive activities should be used only when the change agent has the physical ability to provide physical guidance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure?
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) Eric's basketball coach is helping him improve his passing skills.The coach teaches Eric how to throw a one-handed pass, a two-handed pass, and a bounce pass so that Eric will have a variety of passes he can throw when he is being guarded during a game.Which strategy for promoting generalization is the coach using with Eric?
A) teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
B) incorporating common stimuli
C) reinforcing occurrences of generalization
D) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
Q2) A child frequently engages in tantrums when requests are made of him by his parents and teachers.In order to promote a generalized reduction in the problem behavior, the child's behavior of complying with requests without engaging in tantrums is reinforced at home, in school, and in all other settings.Which strategy for promoting generalization is being used with the child?
A) incorporating common stimuli in training
B) teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C) incorporating a wide range of stimulus situations in training
D) reinforcing instances of generalization
Q3) What does it mean to incorporate common stimuli?
Q4) Different responses that achieve the same outcome are called ___________.
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) A target behavior that is occurring too little that you would like to increase is called a ____________________.
Q2) Presenting an S for the target behavior or arranging an EO for the target behavior are examples of ____________________ manipulations.
Q3) Nicole is using a self-management strategy to increase the amount of water that she drinks.When Nicole walks by a water fountain or her refrigerator, she covertly tells herself to drink some water.After she has had a drink, Nicole silently gives herself a positive evaluation.Which self-management strategy is Nicole using?
A) covert conditioning
B) self-instructions
C) self-praise
D) B and C
Q4) Which of the following should be used in ALL self-management procedures?
A) arranging reinforcers
B) antecedent manipulation
C) behavioral contract
D) social support
Q5) What are the short term and long term contingencies for overeating?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) When using habit reversal procedures, the competing response should be:
A) the same for different types of habit behaviors
B) incompatible with the habit behavior
C) easily identifiable by others
D) more effortful than the habit
Q2) A psychologist teaches Matt to put his hand in his pocket whenever his habit of cracking knuckles occurs or is about to occur.Training an individual to engage in a behavior that is incompatible with the habit behavior is referred to as ____________ training.
A) contingent response
B) awareness
C) operant
D) competing response
Q3) Habit reversal procedures are most often implemented by another person acting as a change agent.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does the therapist increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response to control the habit outside of treatment sessions?
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) When a response cost procedure is included, it should be introduced after the token economy has been in place for a period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When an individual accumulates a specified number of tokens in a token economy, the tokens are exchanged for ____________ reinforcers.
A) conditioned
B) backup
C) secondary
D) negative
Q3) A researcher is trying to identify items that could be used as tokens to improve the academic performance of hyperactive students.Which of the following items would be good to use as tokens in the token economy?
A) pennies
B) snacks
C) toys
D) all of these
Q4) What is the purpose of a token economy?
Q5) Provide 3 examples of items that can be used as tokens.________________
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Define a one party contract.
Q2) What are 2 ways in which a rule-governed behavior can operate to influence the target behavior?
Q3) Sarah writes a behavioral contract with her parents that states she will clean the house if she comes home past her curfew.Which contingency in a behavioral contract involves providing a consequence when an undesirable behavior occurs?
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Q4) Tom writes a behavioral contract with his parents stating that he will be able to use the family car on weekends if he has completed a specific number of chores during the week.Tom and his parents have written a behavioral contract involving a ____________ contingency.
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Q5) How is a behavioral contract a form of public commitment?
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) List one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic desensitization. List one advantage and one disadvantage of in vivo desensitization.
Q2) Matt is working with a psychologist to overcome his fear of heights.They develop a fear hierarchy and Matt is exposed to progressively greater fear-producing situations while maintaining relaxation.Which procedure is being used to help Matt overcome his fear of heights?
A) systematic desensitization
B) in vivo desensitization
C) environmental desensitization
D) experimental desensitization
Q3) Barb is seeing a therapist to overcome her fear of flying.The therapist has Barb practice relaxation while imagining progressively greater anxiety situations involved in flying.What procedure is the therapist using to decrease Barb's fear of flying?
A) exposure training
B) contact training
C) in vivo desensitization
D) systematic desensitization
Q4) __________________ desensitization involves actual contact with the feared stimuli in the hierarchy.
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modification
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Q1) Cognitive restructuring is typically done by parents trying to help their children.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What 3 types of questions are typically asked when challenging a person's distorted thinking?
Q3) Cognitive behavior may be distressing when it functions as a(n) ________________ that elicits an unpleasant________________.
Q4) Jamey tells herself "good job" when she completes all of her homework at night and is more likely to complete her homework.What is the function of this cognitive behavior?It is a(n) ________________for completing her homework.
Q5) Cognitive behaviors cannot function as reinforcers or punishers for the person exhibiting the behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are acceptance-based therapies?
Q7) Cognitive restructuring occurs when a client ________________ distorted thoughts with ________________ that don't lead to distressing moods or behaviors.
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